What happened in 661 ad?

Answer 1

In 661 AD, the Umayyad Caliphate was established following the assassination of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth caliph and cousin of the Prophet Muhammad. This marked the end of the Rashidun Caliphate and the beginning of a dynastic rule under the Umayyads, significantly transforming Islamic governance and expanding the empire's territories. The capital was moved from Medina to Damascus, facilitating greater administrative control and cultural exchange across the vast Islamic realm. This period also saw the consolidation of Islamic practices and the spread of the religion beyond the Arabian Peninsula.