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During the Commonwealth period (1649-1660), following the execution of King Charles I, the English Parliament effectively became the governing body of England, with the monarchy abolished. The Rump Parliament, composed mainly of Puritan members, took control and attempted to establish a republican form of government under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell. In 1653, Cromwell dissolved the Rump Parliament and later established the Protectorate, assuming the title of Lord Protector. This period was marked by significant political and social upheaval, as well as strict Puritanical rule, before the eventual restoration of the monarchy in 1660.

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