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European contact between 1500 and 1620 had a devastating impact on Native American populations, primarily due to the introduction of diseases such as smallpox, influenza, and measles, to which Indigenous peoples had no immunity. These epidemics resulted in significant population declines, with some estimates suggesting that up to 90% of certain tribes perished. Additionally, European colonization efforts led to increased violence, land dispossession, and disruption of traditional lifestyles, further exacerbating the decline of Native American communities during this period. Overall, the consequences of European contact fundamentally altered the demographic and cultural landscape of Indigenous populations in North America.

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