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All too often the Western theater of the US Civil War is surpassed by students of the war by the operations that took place in the East and in Virginia. Allot of this to do with the persona of Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson and George B. McClellan. Also, so many important battles have captured the imagination of civil war buffs due to the close distance bewteen the two opposing capital cities of Washington DC and Richmond, Virginia. The conflicts in this campaign in 1862-63 were centered around Tennessee and its results eventually, a slowly winding road to Atlanta in 1864.
The Tullahoma operations was a large one and marked the peak of the Union General Rosencrans' military career. On the opposing side, it also provides a view of the declining career of Confederate General Braxton Bragg.
The campaign began to unfold with General Rosencrans' leadership in his new appointment as commander of the Army of the Cumberland. Nashville was under control of the Union and Confederate General Bragg had vowed to hold his position protecting Southern territory. He took a position southeast of Nashville at Murfreesboro. He commanded the Army of Tennessee. This was the main military for the South in the western theater.
Urged on by President Lincoln, Rosencrans and his army of 40,000 troops moved in late December towards the position held by General Bragg.
Rosencrans, in order to protect his supply line, left almost half of his troops in Nashville and its vicinity. Nashville had to be protected and Rosencrans was operating in enemy territory. This placed his leading forces outnumbered against Bragg. The situation changed, however when President Jefferson Davis ordered one of Bragg's divisions to reinforce Vicksburg.
Bragg used his cavalry to monitor the positions of the forward march of the Union troops. A conflict would soon begin near the Stones River and be known as the Battle of Stone's River.
Bragg held a strong defensive position, however, chose to launch an assault on the left flank of the Union forces. Bragg was unsuccessful and driven back. Using all posible forces to protect his army, Rosencrans ordered his troops to continue its stand while he formed new defensive positions with his reserves.
Neither general would give an inch and the battle lines changed several times due to assaults and counter assaults. By January 3, 1863, Bragg though the wiser action would be to withdraw from the river and move southward from Murfreesboro. Both sides claimed a victory however, it truly was a stalemate. Bragg, however, did have the chance to crush Rosencrans and advance to Nashville. By the same token, Rosencrans could have opened the way to the deep South.
Bragg reached Tullahoma Tennessee and was satisfied to take a defensive position there for the time being. At the time, few could predict that in the West, the Confederates would begin the Tallahoma campaign with success much in doubt. And, Bragg did not know that his command of the Army of Tennessee was at risk.
Bragg's repositioning his army at Tullahoma yielded a loss of the rich farming area he had held. And, Rosencrans now claimed a position to do more damage in Tennessee.
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