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There are two main types of cannon, muzzle-loading and breach-loading.

Muzzle-loading cannons were the great majority of Civil War artillery. They could be very small, down to a brass cannon with a capacity of 3 pounds of shot. More commonly they were made of iron and fired about 12 or 18 pounds of shot. These cannon were pulled by horses or mules and weighed 1,000 to 2,000 pounds. The larger cannon could have rifled barrels but most were smoothbore.

Muzzle loading cannon could fire several types of load:

Solid shot - a big round iron ball made to smash through things.

Fused - a hollow iron ball filled with powder and with a fuse coming out of a tiny hole, made to explode a certain distance away.

Percussive - made to explode on impact, great for the movies but actually the least used kind of shell.

Canister - a bag or can filled with hundreds of small shot. A horrifying killing weapon.

Breach loading cannon use a brass shell with the powder and shot all together. They can have a smooth bore or rifled bore. The shot is usually percussive but could be solid shot also. Breach loaders are more accurate, can be fired much faster and with smaller crews. The shells are more expensive and they require better steel.

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