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By 1890, many American cities faced significant challenges including rapid urbanization, overcrowding, and inadequate infrastructure. The influx of immigrants and rural residents led to housing shortages, resulting in the rise of tenements and poor living conditions. Additionally, cities struggled with sanitation issues, pollution, and the spread of diseases, while crime rates often increased due to social and economic dislocation. These challenges highlighted the urgent need for reforms in urban planning, public health, and social services.

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1w ago

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