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The Greeks were such prolific breeders that, even with the losses of their incessant wars amongst each other, the small and infertile agricultural territories which each city owned was an absolute limit. The small family farm of about a hectare could not be subdivided amongst several sons, who either became landless and a problem, or were moved on.

So they sent out the surplus to seize the land from the locals in other territories around the Mediterranean and Black Seas, founding new cities which came to number a couple of thousand. And this was the Greek world by the 5th Century BCE.

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