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The Union Army had to cross the James River, and to do it below Richmond, where the James is rapidly widening into a tidal estuary. This required the longest pontoon bridge the world had ever seen. No one on the Confederate side had entertained the possibility that they could do this, so they were able to arrive at Petersburg and achieve complete surprise. This advantage was squandered through mismanaged attacks, otherwise the war might have ended ten months sooner than it did.

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