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A feudal manor was basically a large farm estate controlled by a lord and worked by a number of peasants who contributed their labor in exchange for a place to live, fields to farm, and protection. There were a number of ways a manor could be organized, but typically the peasants were serfs who were bound to the land and could not move away. The management of the manor was typically done by a reeve, who was himself a serf, and might be elected by the other serfs or appointed by the lord.
The lord held his estate as a fief from the king or some other important lord, in an exchange in which the lord supplied the king with military support, when needed, and a vow of loyalty in exchange for the manor.
Manors were as self sufficient as possible, both economically and militarily. In this way, a temporary threat to the manor, such as a raid by Vikings, could be met locally without a need for the central government to be involved. Since the need to answer the threat was immediate, the threat was local, and the time it took to organize a national response was long, the ability of the manor to defend itself was a good approach.
The manorial system weakened the central government because it put power into the hands of the local lords. The lords liked it for this reason, but the kings only tolerated it when it was necessary to do so.
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