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The Beothuk people, indigenous to Newfoundland, faced significant pressure from European settlers and were affected by conflicts with the Mi'kmaq tribe. The Mi'kmaq, who were already established in the region, engaged in skirmishes with the Beothuk, partly fueled by competition for resources and the impact of European colonization. However, it is important to note that the decline of the Beothuk was primarily due to European diseases, loss of territory, and hunting pressure rather than outright extermination by a specific tribe.

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The Beothuks were a North American Indian (a First Nation) tribe who lived in the Newfoundland islands until the early 1800s. They are now believed to be extinct as a distinct cultural entity, although survivors might have intermarried with other Amerindian natives or even with European settlers. (A mitochondrial DNA sequence was recently found in Iceland). Contrary to what early Europeans claimed, the Beothuks believed in a set of deities ("dewis" or "kuus"), including a sun god (prefixed "magara-"), and a moon god (prefixed "washe-"). They believed in good as well as bad spirits, treating for example, the aurora boraelis (northern lights) as a messenger of good spirits. Moreover, the Beothuks believed all objects in nature have spirits (i.e. are animate) and should be treated with respect. The Beothuks were also known to have elaborate burial customs, wrapping the dead in birch bark and burying them in remote places. Unfortunately, the Beothuks were reputed to be very hostile to strangers, including other tribes and European settlers. This animosity, along with the endemic and (at that time) incurable tuberculosis, led to gradual extinction of the tribe. It is rumored, but never proven, that the European settlers carried out a sustained campaign of genocide against the Beothuks and other hostile tribes.