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In the second half of the 1400s, the astrolabe and the magnetic compass were two major inventions that significantly advanced Portuguese navigation. The astrolabe allowed navigators to determine their latitude by measuring the altitude of celestial bodies, while the magnetic compass provided a reliable means of determining direction, especially when navigating out of sight of land. These tools enabled Portuguese explorers to venture further into the open seas, facilitating their voyages along the African coast and beyond.

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