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Rome had three forms of government over the 1,200 years of their history: a monarchy for 244 years, a republic for 482 years and rule by emperor for 503 years. The conquered territories became Roman provinces and were administered by provincial governors.

The Romans practiced a policy of respect and tolerance towards the peoples they conquered. They allowed them to continue to follow their religions and customs. They also allowed them to continue to use their customary laws at the local level, which they called mos regionis (regional tradition or law of the land). They relied on the local ruling elites to run most of the local affairs in the provinces. They saw this policy as providing political and social stability. The Roman provincial governors' job was limited to defence and the maintenance of the legions stationed in the provinces, tax collection, the commissioning of public works and arbitration of disputes the locals were unable to settle themselves. This policy had two advantages: it reduced the administrative load of the provincial governors and it facilitated the integration of the locals into the ideology and the economy of the empire. A less tolerant policy would have led to rebellions and would have threatened the stability of the empire.

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