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Formal Greek Theater may have arose out of oral traditional stories and most surviving Greek plays reference elements of Greek myths and the mythical gods. Nearly all Greek plays we read today came out of the city-state of Athens, which was rich enough to support many of the arts. Plays were prepared for, and performed during competition festivals, and citizens were selected to play in the Chorus as part of their civic duty. It is thought that plays were judged by the priests. Most Greek plays adhere to the three-actor rule, meaning each of the three actors played multiple parts which were differentiated by different masks and presumably by voice. Greeks wrote and performed Comedy, Tragedy, and Saytr plays which were ridiculous farces. Plays were all sung, and vase paintings indicate that there was also dance.

Topics covered by different Greek plays varied by the type of play. For example, Euripides, a tragic playwright wrote Medea, a play in which a jealous wife kills her own children to get revenge on her cheating husband. Sophoces wrote the Oedipus trilogy which concerned the legend of Oedipus, a man who tried to defy the gods and was punished with the horrifying truth that he had married his own mother. Aristophanes on the other hand, wrote comedy, such as Lysistrata, a play in which the women of a city withold sex from their husbands until the husbands end their war with another city.

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