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The agency that was given the responsibility of helping former slaves adjust to their new status as "freedmen" after the Civil War was the Freedmen's Bureau, more formally known as the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned lands. It was initiated by President Lincoln in 1865 before his death and passed by Congress. It stayed active until 1871, when it was disbanded.

The Freedmen's Bureau provided emergency food, housing and medical aid to the recently freed slaves and, for the longer term, prepared them for self-sufficiency through education, instruction in their new rights including voting, and arranging for jobs, often with previous slave owners, negotiating the employment contracts on behalf of the freedmen, and then keeping an eye on the situation to make sure that the terms of the contract were complied with.

Its efforts were often hampered by resentful and uncooperative ex-Confederates, by the lack of any military authority to enforce it srules, and by a certain amount of corruption.

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