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Medieval English working peasants (to take one example) belonged to a variety of classes, some tied to a feudal lord and some free.

The lowest levels included ploughmen and shepherds, who were at the extremes of poverty, holding very little land of their own and with only a small cottage. Even they had rights, however, and in England benefited from ancient customary dues which dated to long before the arrival of the Normans.

Life expectancy was short, due to poor living conditions, heavy manual labour and very long working hours in the extremes of weather, coupled with an unhealthy diet lacking in meat. Poor harvests could result in starvation, medical care was generally absent and even minor injuries could turn to blood poisoning and death. The average life expectancy for people at this level would be around 40 to 45; compare this with bishops, monks and other clerics of the same period, who might live to be 70, 80 or 90 years old.

It is true to say that the poorest levels in society bore the greatest burden in terms of taxes, rents, fees, fines and tithes.

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