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Union forces were defeated at the First Battle of Bull Run, also known as the First Manassas, on July 21, 1861, primarily due to underestimating the Confederate army and overconfidence in their own capabilities. The battle revealed significant shortcomings in Union leadership and coordination, as well as the effective tactics employed by Confederate generals like Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson. The Union's retreat highlighted the challenges they would face in the prolonged conflict ahead and dispelled any illusions of a quick victory in the Civil War.

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