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If Charles Babbage had completed the Analytical Engine, it could have revolutionized computing much earlier than the 20th century. This mechanical general-purpose computer would have enabled complex calculations and data processing, laying the groundwork for modern programming concepts. The early adoption of such technology might have accelerated advancements in fields like mathematics, engineering, and science, potentially leading to the digital age decades ahead of its time. Furthermore, it could have inspired further innovations in computing mechanisms and computational theories.
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Why is Charles Babbage considered the father of computers?
In 1822, Charles Babbage develops a working model of a mechanical computer called Difference Engine powered by steam. It can store the programs to perform calculations and print the result automatically. Later in the year 1837, he designs the first mechanical computer knows as Analytical Engine which could do the complicated calculation and store the result at each stage. This Analytical Engine laid the basis for the modern computer due to which Charles Babbage is also known as the Father of Computers.
Who invented the Analytical Engine?
Never and it is highly unlikely one will ever be made.Its inventor, Charles Babbage, never completed the plans and was unable to convince anyone to fund its construction (largely because he had frustrated those funding the construction of his earlier difference engine by not completing it when promised then effectively doing what they considered a "bait and switch" when he decided to stop work on the difference engine and offer them what he claimed to be the "better" analytical engine instead).There is no serious reason to consider building an analytical engine now as it would be painfully slow, be far larger than the largest vacuum tube computer ever built, require dozens of mechanics and machinists to maintain it and keep it running, etc. compared to modern highspeed electronic microprocessor based computers. Also much of the analytical engine would have to be designed from scratch as Babbage's drawings do not cover the complete machine.Two copies of Babbage's Difference Engine #2 were built in 1991 and 2008 by the London Museum of Science. This machine was much simpler and used fewer parts than Babbage's original Difference Engine #1 (using ideas and designs derived from his work designing the analytical engine) and had an apparently complete set of plans, making it ideal to research the question of if these machines could actually be built and function reliably using the tolerances that machinists in the 1830s were able to do. They succeeded in building both machines and found that they worked very reliably, however it also showed that the machines do not survive transportation well (but this would not have been a problem in the 1800s as they would have been constructed onsite and never moved), also a "minor" change made to make it easier to crank the machine by hand (one that Babbage would not have made himself as he probably designed it that way to limit the torque in the machine) permitted the machine to be overtorqued and breaking several carry arms accidentally.
Who discovered the computer?
No one "discovered" the computer. It was the result of many, many mathematicians, engineers, and other people working over a long period of time. The discoveries eventually came together in the mid-1940s with the advent of electronics and under the pressure of wartime need for fast calculation. Some names and terms for you to look up (and please do the research yourself - it's not that hard):Charles BabbageAda, Countess of LovelaceThe Jacquard loomHermann HollerithJohn von NeumannAlan TuringJohn Mauchly and J. Presper EckertENIAC, Zeus, Whirlwind, EnigmaCharles Babbage FRS (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English mathematician, philosopher, mechanical engineer and (proto-) computer scientist who originated the idea of a programmable computer. Parts of his uncompleted mechanisms are on display in the London Science Museum. In 1991, working from Babbage's original plans, a difference engine was completed, and functioned perfectly. Built to tolerances achievable in the 19th century, the finished engine indicated that Babbage's machine would have worked. Nine years later, the Science Museum completed the printer Babbage had designed for the difference engine; it featured astonishing complexity for a 19th century device. This is cut and pasted from Wikipedia
What did Charles Babbage call his machine that could calculate mathematical equations?
Bioraphy and EducationCharles Babbage was born in London Dec. 26, 1791, St. Stephan day, in London. He was son of Benjamin Babbage, a banking partner of the Praeds who owned the Bitton Estate in Teignmouth and Betsy Plumleigh Babbage. It was about 1808 when the Babbage family decided to move into the old Rowdens house, located in East Teignmouth, and Benjamin Babbage became a warden of the nearby church of St. Michael. The father of Charles was a rich man, so it was possible for Charles to receive instruction from several elite schools and teachers during the course of his elementary education. He was about eight when he had to move to a country school to recover from a dangerous fever. His parents sentenced that his "brain was not to be taxed too much"; Babbage wrote: "this great idleness may have led to some of my childish reasonings."Then, he joined King Edward VI Grammar School in Totnes, South Devon, a thriving comprehensive school that's still operative today, but his fragile health status forced him back to private teaching for a period. Then, he finally joined a 30-student closed number academy managed by Reverend Stephen Freeman. The academy had a big library, where Babbage used to study mathematics by himself, and learned to love it. He had two more personal tutors after leaving the academy. One was a clergyman of Cambridge, and about him Babbage said: "I fear I did not derive from it all the advantages that I might have done.". The other one was an Oxford tutor who teached Babbage the Classics, so that he could be accepted to Cambridge.Babbage arrived at Trinity College, Cambridge in October 1810. He had a big culture - he knew Lagrange, Leibniz, Lacroix, Simpson... and he was seriously disappointed about the math programs available at Cambridge. So he, with J.Herschel, G.Peacock, and other friends, decided to form the Analytical Society.When, in 1812, Babbage transferred to Peterhouse, Cambridge, he was the best mathematician; but he failed to graduate with honours.He received an honorary degree later, without even being examinated, in 1814.In 1814, Charles Babbage married Georgiana Whitmore at St. Michael's Church in Teignmouth, Devon. His father, for some reason, never gave his approvation. They lived in tranquility at 5 Devonshire Street, Portland Place, London.Only Three of their 8 children became adult.Tragically, Charles' father, his wife and one of his sons all died in 1827.ChildrenBenjamin Herschel Babbage (1815)Charles Whitmore Babbage (1817)Georgiana Whitmore Babbage (1818)Edward Stewart Babbage (1819)Francis Moore Babbage (1821)Dugald Bromheald Babbage (1823)Henry Prevost Babbage (1824)Alexander Forbes Babbage (1827)Timothy grant Babbage (1829)Design of computersIn Babbage's times there was a really high error rate in the calculation of math tables, when Babbage planned to find a new method that could be use to make it mechanically, removing the human error factor. This idea started to tickle his brain very early, in 1812. Three different elements influenced him in this decision: he disliked untidiness and unprecision; he was very able with logarithmical tables; he was inspired from an existing work on calculating machines produced by W. Schickard, B.Pascal, and G. Leibniz.He discussed the main principles of a calculating engine in a letter he wrote to Sir H. Davy in the early 1822.Difference engineBabbage presented something that he called "difference engine" to the Royal Astronomical Society on Jun 14, 1822 and in a paper entitled "Note on the application of machinery to the computation of astronomical and mathematical tables." It was able to calculate polynomials by using a numerical method called the differences method.The Society approved the idea, and the government granted him £1500 to construct it, in 1823.Charles Babbage converted one of the rooms in his home to a workshop and hired Joseph Clement to oversee construction of the engine. Every part had to be formed by hand using custom machine tools, many of which Babbage himself designed. He took extensive tours of industry to better understand manufacturing processes. Based on these trips and his experience with the difference engine, Babbage published On the Economy of Machinery and Manufacture in 1832. It was the first publication on what we would now call operations research.The death of Georgiana, Babbage's father, and an infant son interrupted construction in 1827. Work had already taxed Babbage heavily and he was on the edge of a breakdown. John Herschel and several other friends convinced Babbage to take a trip to Europe to recuperate. He passed through the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and Italy visiting universities and manufacturing facilities.In Italy he learned he had been named the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. He initially wanted to turn down the position but several friends convinced him to accept. He moved to 1 Dorset Street upon returning to England in 1828.The difference engine project had come under fire during Babbage's absence. Rumours had spread that Babbage had wasted the government's money; that the machine did not work; and that it had no practical value if it did. John Herschel and the Royal Society publicly defended the engine. The government continued its support, advancing £1500 on April 29, 1829, £3000 on December 3, and £3000 on February 24, 1830. Work continued, but Babbage would have continual difficulty getting money from the treasury.Babbage's problems with the treasury coincided with numerous disagreements with Clement. Babbage had built a two-story, 50 foot long workshop behind his house. It had a glass roof for lighting, and a fireproof, dust-free room to contain the machine. Clement refused to move his operations to the new workshop and demanded more money for the difficulty of travelling across town to oversee construction. In response, Babbage suggested that Clement draw his pay directly from the treasury. Before then, Babbage would get money from the government that he would use to pay Clement. He often had to pay Clement out of his own pocket when the bureaucracy lagged behind Clement's pay schedule. Clement refused the request and stopped working.Clement further refused to turn over the drawings and tools used to build the difference engine. After an investment of £23000, including £6000 of Babbage's own money, work on the unfinished machine ceased in 1834. Charles wrote, "The drawings and parts of the Engine are at length in a place of safety-I am almost worn out with disgust and annoyance at the whole affair." In 1842 the government officially abandoned the project.Analytical engineWhile he was separated from the difference engine, Babbage began to think about an improved calculating engine. Between 1833 and 1842 he tried to build a machine that would be programmable to do any kind of calculation, not just ones relating to polynomial equations. The first breakthrough came when he redirected the machine's output to the input for further equations. He described this as the machine "eating its own tail". It did not take much longer for him to define the main points of his analytical engine. The mature analytical engine used punched cards adapted from the Jacquard loom to specify input and the calculations to perform. The engine consisted of two parts: the mill and the store. The mill, analogous to a modern computer's CPU, executed the operations on values retrieved from the store, which we would consider memory. It was the world's first general-purpose computer.A design for this emerged by 1835. The scale of the work was truly incredible. Babbage and a handful of assistants created 500 large design drawings, 1000 sheets of mechanical notation, and 7000 sheets of scribbles. The completed mill would measure 15 feet tall and 6 feet in diameter. The 100 digit store would stretch to 25 feet long. Babbage constructed only small test parts for his new engine; a full engine was never completed. In 1842, following repeated failures to obtain funding from the First Lord of the Treasury, Babbage approached Sir Robert Peel for funding. Peel refused, and offered Babbage a knighthood instead. Babbage refused. He would continue modifying and improving the design for many years to come.In October 1842, Federico Luigi, Conte Menabrea, an Italian general and mathematician, published a paper on the analytical engine. Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace, a longtime friend of Babbage, translated the paper into English. Charles suggested that she add notes to accompany the paper. In a series of letters between 1842 and 1843, the pair collaborated on seven notes, the combined length of which was three times longer than the actual paper. In one note Ada prepared a table of execution for a program that Babbage wrote to calculate the Bernoulli numbers. In another, she wrote about a generalized algebra engine that could perform operations on symbols as well as numbers. Lovelace was perhaps the first to grasp the more general goals of Babbage's machine, and some consider her the world's first computer programmer. She began work on a book describing the analytical engine in more detail, but it was never finished.Second Difference EngineBetween October 1846 and March 1849 Babbage started designing a second difference engine using knowledge gained from the analytical engine. It used only about 8000 parts, three times fewer than the first. It was a marvel of mechanical engineering. Unlike the analytical engine that he continually tweaked and modified, he did not try to improve the second difference engine after completing the initial design. Babbage made no attempt to actually construct the machine.The 24 schematics remained in the Science Museum archives until a full-size replica was built 1985-1991 to celebrate the 200th anniversary of Babbage's birth. It measured 11 feet long, 7 feet high and 18 inches deep, and weighted 2.6 tonnes. The limits of precision were restricted to those achievable by Babbage.Babbage's accomplishmentsIn 1824 Babbage won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society "for his invention of an engine for calculating mathematical and astronomical tables". From 1828 to 1839 Babbage was Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge. He contributed largely to several scientific periodicals, and was instrumental in founding the Astronomical Society in 1820 and the Statistical Society in 1834.In 1837, responding to the official eight Bridgewater Treatises "On the Power, Wisdom and Goodness of God, as manifested in the Creation", he published his Ninth Bridgewater Treatise putting forward the thesis that God had the omnipotence and foresight to create as a divine legislator, making laws (or programs) which then produced species at the appropriate times, rather than continually interfering with ad hoc miracles each time a new species was required. The book incorporated extracts from correspondence he had been having with John Herschel on the subject.Charles Babbage also achieved notable results in cryptography. He broke Vigenère's autokey cipher as well as the much weaker cipher that is called Vigenère cipher today. The autokey cipher was generally called "the undecipherable cipher", though owing to popular confusion, many thought that the weaker polyalphabetic cipher was the "undecipherable" one. Babbage's discovery was used to aid English military campaigns, and was not published until several years later; as a result credit for the development was instead given to Friedrich Kasiski, who made the same discovery some years after Babbage.Babbage also invented the pilot (also called a cow-catcher), the metal frame attached to the front of locomotives that clears the tracks of obstacles in 1838. He also performed several studies on Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Great Western Railway.He only once endeavoured to enter public life, when, in 1832, he stood unsuccessfully for the borough of Finsbury. He came in last in the polls.Parts of Babbage's uncompleted mechanisms are available for visits in the London Science Museum. In 1991 a difference engine was completed, starting from Babbage's original plans, and it functioned perfectly.References and Bibliography- Passages from the Life of a Philosopher (Charles Babbage).- Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer (Anthony Hyman).- Irascible Genius: A Life of Charles Babbage, Inventor (Maboth Moseley).- The Cogwheel Brain (Doron Swade).A LUV.IT educational production.External (unrelated) links:Orosztanar Budapest.Games.Grossisti.This site will tell you Who is Charles Babbage, and you'll find - as well - Pictures of mathematician Charles Babbage and the Charles Babbage computer. Everything about Charles Babbage history and Charles Babbage difference engine models.If you are asking yourself what did Charles Babbageinvent, this is the ultimate place to visit. And a lot of Photos of Charles Babbage! Charles Babbage Inventions.Interesting references and materials about Charles Babbage.
Who is the inventor of the first automatic electric digital computer?
"Who invented the computer and what year?" The answer to the first part of the question is Charles Babbage. Interestingly, the implementation of the design of what should have been the first computer was actually completed in 1989. But, if the question is "Who invented the computer first and electronically?" then it is John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly. They built the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). Then why is Charles Babbage given the credit of inventing the computer? Charles Babbage was the first person to introduce the idea of "programmable machines". Charles Babbage hardly imagined that his distaste for human errors would one day result in inventions such as desktop computers and laptop computers.To reach today's era of artificial intelligence, natural language processing and high power processing, computer inventions had to go through various generations. This all started with Charles Babbage's difference engine in 1822. The difference engines and analytical engines (if completed) would be heavily mechanical. Their weight would be in tons (although analytical and difference engine are not considered to be of any generation, let us consider them to be of zeroth generation for the sake of reference). The main feature of first generation (1940 - 1956) computers was vacuum tubes. The architecture of second generation (1956 - 1963) computers was based on transistors. Third generation computers (1964 - 1971) saw the introduction of integrated circuits. And fourth generation (1971 - present) computers are based on microprocessors. And now we are in the fifth generation (present - henceforth) of computers, where artificial intelligence takes precedence. Following is the story of the man who invented the computer, and when he did that, little did the world know that Charles Babbage had managed to alter the course of history .Early YearsCharles' father, Benjamin Babbage, was a businessman. Therefore, money wasn't a hindrance for young Charles' education. Young Charles went to many schools and was home tutored before he went to Helmond Academy in Baker street. This is where his romance with mathematics began. Later he went to Cambridge for further studies. He was subsequently transferred to Peterhouse Cambridge where he studied analytical philosophy and computer science. However, he never really graduated with honors. Charles Babbage was later conferred with an honorary degree in mathematics.Since Charles Babbage was a profound mathematician, he soon started researching on various mathematical subjects. While doing so, he had to encounter a lot of logarithmic calculations. The only way to perform these calculations was through the use of logarithmic tables. Since there were no mechanical calculators in those times, the use of logarithmic tables became very tedious and erroneous. This experience was very hampering to the study of mathematics. Also, the accurate results would take forever to be calculated, hence, Charles decided to design a machine, which not only would save time but (more importantly) be accurate as well.Design of Charles' ComputerIn the early nineteenth century, mathematical tables were calculated by 'computers'. These were people who were assigned the task of computing, and hence were called computers. Due to this, there was a high rate of errors. Having studied computer science and being an acclaimed mathematician, it was obvious to him that he should build a calculating machine. Babbage started working on the design of an engine which would analyze input and give appropriate output.Since his design was meant to eliminate differential errors involving mathematical tables, it was called 'difference engine'. Difference engine was to calculate the finite differences, and thereby avoid the need for multiplication and division. But unfortunately, due to the huge size and the complexity of the design, Charles Babbage couldn't complete it. But this did not deter him from designing difference engine 2, which was an improved version of the original difference engine.After his failure to implement his designs of difference engine, Charles Babbage came to the conclusion that his engine designs needed improvement. He then started to design engines that were better in analysis than their predecessors. The successive designs were more efficient and complex than the previous ones. These complex machines were called analytical engines. Due to continuous work in the design, any one machine couldn't be called an analytical engine. His final design of the analytical engine was implemented only in 1989, which is far more accurate than today's electronic calculator.
What are facts about the Babbage computer?
Ah, the Babbage computer, a marvel of its time! Charles Babbage designed the first mechanical computer in the 19th century, known as the Analytical Engine. It was capable of performing basic calculations and is considered a precursor to modern computers. Despite never being fully built during Babbage's lifetime, his work laid the foundation for future advancements in computing technology.
Why is Charles Babbage considered the father of computers?
In 1822, Charles Babbage develops a working model of a mechanical computer called Difference Engine powered by steam. It can store the programs to perform calculations and print the result automatically. Later in the year 1837, he designs the first mechanical computer knows as Analytical Engine which could do the complicated calculation and store the result at each stage. This Analytical Engine laid the basis for the modern computer due to which Charles Babbage is also known as the Father of Computers.
Who invented the Analytical Engine?
Never and it is highly unlikely one will ever be made.Its inventor, Charles Babbage, never completed the plans and was unable to convince anyone to fund its construction (largely because he had frustrated those funding the construction of his earlier difference engine by not completing it when promised then effectively doing what they considered a "bait and switch" when he decided to stop work on the difference engine and offer them what he claimed to be the "better" analytical engine instead).There is no serious reason to consider building an analytical engine now as it would be painfully slow, be far larger than the largest vacuum tube computer ever built, require dozens of mechanics and machinists to maintain it and keep it running, etc. compared to modern highspeed electronic microprocessor based computers. Also much of the analytical engine would have to be designed from scratch as Babbage's drawings do not cover the complete machine.Two copies of Babbage's Difference Engine #2 were built in 1991 and 2008 by the London Museum of Science. This machine was much simpler and used fewer parts than Babbage's original Difference Engine #1 (using ideas and designs derived from his work designing the analytical engine) and had an apparently complete set of plans, making it ideal to research the question of if these machines could actually be built and function reliably using the tolerances that machinists in the 1830s were able to do. They succeeded in building both machines and found that they worked very reliably, however it also showed that the machines do not survive transportation well (but this would not have been a problem in the 1800s as they would have been constructed onsite and never moved), also a "minor" change made to make it easier to crank the machine by hand (one that Babbage would not have made himself as he probably designed it that way to limit the torque in the machine) permitted the machine to be overtorqued and breaking several carry arms accidentally.
What is Ada Byron Lovelace known in math for?
Augusta Ada Byron King, Countess of Lovelace (December 10, 1815 London, England - November 27, 1852 Marylebone, London, England ), born Augusta Ada Byron, is mainly known for having written a description of Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose computer, the analytical engine. She is today appreciated as the "first programmer" since she was writing programs -- that is, manipulating symbols according to rules -- for a machine that Babbage had not yet built. She also foresaw the capability of computers to go beyond mere calculating or number-crunching while others, including Babbage himself, focused only on these capabilitiesLike the Answer you just read?Please recommend me:User:Gephstud
Who discovered the computer?
No one "discovered" the computer. It was the result of many, many mathematicians, engineers, and other people working over a long period of time. The discoveries eventually came together in the mid-1940s with the advent of electronics and under the pressure of wartime need for fast calculation. Some names and terms for you to look up (and please do the research yourself - it's not that hard):Charles BabbageAda, Countess of LovelaceThe Jacquard loomHermann HollerithJohn von NeumannAlan TuringJohn Mauchly and J. Presper EckertENIAC, Zeus, Whirlwind, EnigmaCharles Babbage FRS (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English mathematician, philosopher, mechanical engineer and (proto-) computer scientist who originated the idea of a programmable computer. Parts of his uncompleted mechanisms are on display in the London Science Museum. In 1991, working from Babbage's original plans, a difference engine was completed, and functioned perfectly. Built to tolerances achievable in the 19th century, the finished engine indicated that Babbage's machine would have worked. Nine years later, the Science Museum completed the printer Babbage had designed for the difference engine; it featured astonishing complexity for a 19th century device. This is cut and pasted from Wikipedia
What did Charles Babbage call his machine that could calculate mathematical equations?
Bioraphy and EducationCharles Babbage was born in London Dec. 26, 1791, St. Stephan day, in London. He was son of Benjamin Babbage, a banking partner of the Praeds who owned the Bitton Estate in Teignmouth and Betsy Plumleigh Babbage. It was about 1808 when the Babbage family decided to move into the old Rowdens house, located in East Teignmouth, and Benjamin Babbage became a warden of the nearby church of St. Michael. The father of Charles was a rich man, so it was possible for Charles to receive instruction from several elite schools and teachers during the course of his elementary education. He was about eight when he had to move to a country school to recover from a dangerous fever. His parents sentenced that his "brain was not to be taxed too much"; Babbage wrote: "this great idleness may have led to some of my childish reasonings."Then, he joined King Edward VI Grammar School in Totnes, South Devon, a thriving comprehensive school that's still operative today, but his fragile health status forced him back to private teaching for a period. Then, he finally joined a 30-student closed number academy managed by Reverend Stephen Freeman. The academy had a big library, where Babbage used to study mathematics by himself, and learned to love it. He had two more personal tutors after leaving the academy. One was a clergyman of Cambridge, and about him Babbage said: "I fear I did not derive from it all the advantages that I might have done.". The other one was an Oxford tutor who teached Babbage the Classics, so that he could be accepted to Cambridge.Babbage arrived at Trinity College, Cambridge in October 1810. He had a big culture - he knew Lagrange, Leibniz, Lacroix, Simpson... and he was seriously disappointed about the math programs available at Cambridge. So he, with J.Herschel, G.Peacock, and other friends, decided to form the Analytical Society.When, in 1812, Babbage transferred to Peterhouse, Cambridge, he was the best mathematician; but he failed to graduate with honours.He received an honorary degree later, without even being examinated, in 1814.In 1814, Charles Babbage married Georgiana Whitmore at St. Michael's Church in Teignmouth, Devon. His father, for some reason, never gave his approvation. They lived in tranquility at 5 Devonshire Street, Portland Place, London.Only Three of their 8 children became adult.Tragically, Charles' father, his wife and one of his sons all died in 1827.ChildrenBenjamin Herschel Babbage (1815)Charles Whitmore Babbage (1817)Georgiana Whitmore Babbage (1818)Edward Stewart Babbage (1819)Francis Moore Babbage (1821)Dugald Bromheald Babbage (1823)Henry Prevost Babbage (1824)Alexander Forbes Babbage (1827)Timothy grant Babbage (1829)Design of computersIn Babbage's times there was a really high error rate in the calculation of math tables, when Babbage planned to find a new method that could be use to make it mechanically, removing the human error factor. This idea started to tickle his brain very early, in 1812. Three different elements influenced him in this decision: he disliked untidiness and unprecision; he was very able with logarithmical tables; he was inspired from an existing work on calculating machines produced by W. Schickard, B.Pascal, and G. Leibniz.He discussed the main principles of a calculating engine in a letter he wrote to Sir H. Davy in the early 1822.Difference engineBabbage presented something that he called "difference engine" to the Royal Astronomical Society on Jun 14, 1822 and in a paper entitled "Note on the application of machinery to the computation of astronomical and mathematical tables." It was able to calculate polynomials by using a numerical method called the differences method.The Society approved the idea, and the government granted him £1500 to construct it, in 1823.Charles Babbage converted one of the rooms in his home to a workshop and hired Joseph Clement to oversee construction of the engine. Every part had to be formed by hand using custom machine tools, many of which Babbage himself designed. He took extensive tours of industry to better understand manufacturing processes. Based on these trips and his experience with the difference engine, Babbage published On the Economy of Machinery and Manufacture in 1832. It was the first publication on what we would now call operations research.The death of Georgiana, Babbage's father, and an infant son interrupted construction in 1827. Work had already taxed Babbage heavily and he was on the edge of a breakdown. John Herschel and several other friends convinced Babbage to take a trip to Europe to recuperate. He passed through the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and Italy visiting universities and manufacturing facilities.In Italy he learned he had been named the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. He initially wanted to turn down the position but several friends convinced him to accept. He moved to 1 Dorset Street upon returning to England in 1828.The difference engine project had come under fire during Babbage's absence. Rumours had spread that Babbage had wasted the government's money; that the machine did not work; and that it had no practical value if it did. John Herschel and the Royal Society publicly defended the engine. The government continued its support, advancing £1500 on April 29, 1829, £3000 on December 3, and £3000 on February 24, 1830. Work continued, but Babbage would have continual difficulty getting money from the treasury.Babbage's problems with the treasury coincided with numerous disagreements with Clement. Babbage had built a two-story, 50 foot long workshop behind his house. It had a glass roof for lighting, and a fireproof, dust-free room to contain the machine. Clement refused to move his operations to the new workshop and demanded more money for the difficulty of travelling across town to oversee construction. In response, Babbage suggested that Clement draw his pay directly from the treasury. Before then, Babbage would get money from the government that he would use to pay Clement. He often had to pay Clement out of his own pocket when the bureaucracy lagged behind Clement's pay schedule. Clement refused the request and stopped working.Clement further refused to turn over the drawings and tools used to build the difference engine. After an investment of £23000, including £6000 of Babbage's own money, work on the unfinished machine ceased in 1834. Charles wrote, "The drawings and parts of the Engine are at length in a place of safety-I am almost worn out with disgust and annoyance at the whole affair." In 1842 the government officially abandoned the project.Analytical engineWhile he was separated from the difference engine, Babbage began to think about an improved calculating engine. Between 1833 and 1842 he tried to build a machine that would be programmable to do any kind of calculation, not just ones relating to polynomial equations. The first breakthrough came when he redirected the machine's output to the input for further equations. He described this as the machine "eating its own tail". It did not take much longer for him to define the main points of his analytical engine. The mature analytical engine used punched cards adapted from the Jacquard loom to specify input and the calculations to perform. The engine consisted of two parts: the mill and the store. The mill, analogous to a modern computer's CPU, executed the operations on values retrieved from the store, which we would consider memory. It was the world's first general-purpose computer.A design for this emerged by 1835. The scale of the work was truly incredible. Babbage and a handful of assistants created 500 large design drawings, 1000 sheets of mechanical notation, and 7000 sheets of scribbles. The completed mill would measure 15 feet tall and 6 feet in diameter. The 100 digit store would stretch to 25 feet long. Babbage constructed only small test parts for his new engine; a full engine was never completed. In 1842, following repeated failures to obtain funding from the First Lord of the Treasury, Babbage approached Sir Robert Peel for funding. Peel refused, and offered Babbage a knighthood instead. Babbage refused. He would continue modifying and improving the design for many years to come.In October 1842, Federico Luigi, Conte Menabrea, an Italian general and mathematician, published a paper on the analytical engine. Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace, a longtime friend of Babbage, translated the paper into English. Charles suggested that she add notes to accompany the paper. In a series of letters between 1842 and 1843, the pair collaborated on seven notes, the combined length of which was three times longer than the actual paper. In one note Ada prepared a table of execution for a program that Babbage wrote to calculate the Bernoulli numbers. In another, she wrote about a generalized algebra engine that could perform operations on symbols as well as numbers. Lovelace was perhaps the first to grasp the more general goals of Babbage's machine, and some consider her the world's first computer programmer. She began work on a book describing the analytical engine in more detail, but it was never finished.Second Difference EngineBetween October 1846 and March 1849 Babbage started designing a second difference engine using knowledge gained from the analytical engine. It used only about 8000 parts, three times fewer than the first. It was a marvel of mechanical engineering. Unlike the analytical engine that he continually tweaked and modified, he did not try to improve the second difference engine after completing the initial design. Babbage made no attempt to actually construct the machine.The 24 schematics remained in the Science Museum archives until a full-size replica was built 1985-1991 to celebrate the 200th anniversary of Babbage's birth. It measured 11 feet long, 7 feet high and 18 inches deep, and weighted 2.6 tonnes. The limits of precision were restricted to those achievable by Babbage.Babbage's accomplishmentsIn 1824 Babbage won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society "for his invention of an engine for calculating mathematical and astronomical tables". From 1828 to 1839 Babbage was Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge. He contributed largely to several scientific periodicals, and was instrumental in founding the Astronomical Society in 1820 and the Statistical Society in 1834.In 1837, responding to the official eight Bridgewater Treatises "On the Power, Wisdom and Goodness of God, as manifested in the Creation", he published his Ninth Bridgewater Treatise putting forward the thesis that God had the omnipotence and foresight to create as a divine legislator, making laws (or programs) which then produced species at the appropriate times, rather than continually interfering with ad hoc miracles each time a new species was required. The book incorporated extracts from correspondence he had been having with John Herschel on the subject.Charles Babbage also achieved notable results in cryptography. He broke Vigenère's autokey cipher as well as the much weaker cipher that is called Vigenère cipher today. The autokey cipher was generally called "the undecipherable cipher", though owing to popular confusion, many thought that the weaker polyalphabetic cipher was the "undecipherable" one. Babbage's discovery was used to aid English military campaigns, and was not published until several years later; as a result credit for the development was instead given to Friedrich Kasiski, who made the same discovery some years after Babbage.Babbage also invented the pilot (also called a cow-catcher), the metal frame attached to the front of locomotives that clears the tracks of obstacles in 1838. He also performed several studies on Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Great Western Railway.He only once endeavoured to enter public life, when, in 1832, he stood unsuccessfully for the borough of Finsbury. He came in last in the polls.Parts of Babbage's uncompleted mechanisms are available for visits in the London Science Museum. In 1991 a difference engine was completed, starting from Babbage's original plans, and it functioned perfectly.References and Bibliography- Passages from the Life of a Philosopher (Charles Babbage).- Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer (Anthony Hyman).- Irascible Genius: A Life of Charles Babbage, Inventor (Maboth Moseley).- The Cogwheel Brain (Doron Swade).A LUV.IT educational production.External (unrelated) links:Orosztanar Budapest.Games.Grossisti.This site will tell you Who is Charles Babbage, and you'll find - as well - Pictures of mathematician Charles Babbage and the Charles Babbage computer. Everything about Charles Babbage history and Charles Babbage difference engine models.If you are asking yourself what did Charles Babbageinvent, this is the ultimate place to visit. And a lot of Photos of Charles Babbage! Charles Babbage Inventions.Interesting references and materials about Charles Babbage.
What was Ada Lovelace's contribution to math?
Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace was an English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. Her notes on the engine include what is recognized as the first algorithm intended to be carried out by a machine. As a result, she is often regarded as the first computer programmer.
When did james watt make the steam engine?
The Watt engine was the result of a series of inventions and was completed by 1790. Librarians: Ask Us, We Answer! Lisa, Librarian Richland County Public Library, Columbia SC
Who is the inventor of the first automatic electric digital computer?
"Who invented the computer and what year?" The answer to the first part of the question is Charles Babbage. Interestingly, the implementation of the design of what should have been the first computer was actually completed in 1989. But, if the question is "Who invented the computer first and electronically?" then it is John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly. They built the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). Then why is Charles Babbage given the credit of inventing the computer? Charles Babbage was the first person to introduce the idea of "programmable machines". Charles Babbage hardly imagined that his distaste for human errors would one day result in inventions such as desktop computers and laptop computers.To reach today's era of artificial intelligence, natural language processing and high power processing, computer inventions had to go through various generations. This all started with Charles Babbage's difference engine in 1822. The difference engines and analytical engines (if completed) would be heavily mechanical. Their weight would be in tons (although analytical and difference engine are not considered to be of any generation, let us consider them to be of zeroth generation for the sake of reference). The main feature of first generation (1940 - 1956) computers was vacuum tubes. The architecture of second generation (1956 - 1963) computers was based on transistors. Third generation computers (1964 - 1971) saw the introduction of integrated circuits. And fourth generation (1971 - present) computers are based on microprocessors. And now we are in the fifth generation (present - henceforth) of computers, where artificial intelligence takes precedence. Following is the story of the man who invented the computer, and when he did that, little did the world know that Charles Babbage had managed to alter the course of history .Early YearsCharles' father, Benjamin Babbage, was a businessman. Therefore, money wasn't a hindrance for young Charles' education. Young Charles went to many schools and was home tutored before he went to Helmond Academy in Baker street. This is where his romance with mathematics began. Later he went to Cambridge for further studies. He was subsequently transferred to Peterhouse Cambridge where he studied analytical philosophy and computer science. However, he never really graduated with honors. Charles Babbage was later conferred with an honorary degree in mathematics.Since Charles Babbage was a profound mathematician, he soon started researching on various mathematical subjects. While doing so, he had to encounter a lot of logarithmic calculations. The only way to perform these calculations was through the use of logarithmic tables. Since there were no mechanical calculators in those times, the use of logarithmic tables became very tedious and erroneous. This experience was very hampering to the study of mathematics. Also, the accurate results would take forever to be calculated, hence, Charles decided to design a machine, which not only would save time but (more importantly) be accurate as well.Design of Charles' ComputerIn the early nineteenth century, mathematical tables were calculated by 'computers'. These were people who were assigned the task of computing, and hence were called computers. Due to this, there was a high rate of errors. Having studied computer science and being an acclaimed mathematician, it was obvious to him that he should build a calculating machine. Babbage started working on the design of an engine which would analyze input and give appropriate output.Since his design was meant to eliminate differential errors involving mathematical tables, it was called 'difference engine'. Difference engine was to calculate the finite differences, and thereby avoid the need for multiplication and division. But unfortunately, due to the huge size and the complexity of the design, Charles Babbage couldn't complete it. But this did not deter him from designing difference engine 2, which was an improved version of the original difference engine.After his failure to implement his designs of difference engine, Charles Babbage came to the conclusion that his engine designs needed improvement. He then started to design engines that were better in analysis than their predecessors. The successive designs were more efficient and complex than the previous ones. These complex machines were called analytical engines. Due to continuous work in the design, any one machine couldn't be called an analytical engine. His final design of the analytical engine was implemented only in 1989, which is far more accurate than today's electronic calculator.
What contain one copy when binary fission is completed the result is two cells?
mitosis
Why is the engine of a running car hot?
This is the result of of an internal combustion engine.
Why does the engine of a running car is hot?
This is the result of of an internal combustion engine.
