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The first use of lighter than air balloons by the US Military was during the Civil War. The Union contracted Professor Thaddeus Lowe to bring his hydrogen balloon to the battlefield and view enemy troop concentrations and defensive works from above. The balloon was always tethered and Lowe was often accompanied by a Federal Officer.
The first military-owned and operated balloon was also the first to be lost in combat. This was the "Santiago" which was sewn during a Denver winter by the wife of a Signal Corps NCO. It was shipped from to Tampa, Florida and loaded on one of troop ships leaving for Cuba to fight the Spanish-American War in 1898, but arrived in poor condition and with little hydrogen to inflate it. Nevertheless, it was used at the Battle of Santiago to find a route to the City that would not bring US troops under Spanish fire and its occupants, a Signal Corps Balloon Officer and a regular Army Intelligence Officer, observed the Battle of San Juan (actually Kettle) Hill. As its tether was dragged along a narrow track it was brought down to only 100 feet at the insistence of the Intelligence Officer and was hit by Spanish shrapnel. The "Santiago" slowly deflated and settled onto the ground. The only casualty with a private who had been pulling the balloon who was shot in the foot.
Neither the "Santiago" nor any other "war balloon" was used in combat as the Army began moving to heavier than air machines after accepting the Wright Flyer for service in 1910.
see also: Joseph Maxfield and Adolphus W Greely
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