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How did medieval theologians depict women?
Unfortunately it wasn't until the 20th century that women were perceived as equal to men. Historically women were see as mere chattel or property belonging to men, under the domination of men, and answerable to men. ----- There was no one theological depiction of women, and their place in both society and the theological understanding varied enormously during the Middle Ages. Theologians had to deal with the realities of the time, some of which are often forgotten today. For example, a theologian of the time of Charlemagne had to conform his opinions to the fact that Charlemagne had married a woman who had been a Saxon soldier and fought against him in a battle. And a theologian of the time of Eleanor of Aquitaine had to deal with the fact that she owned more land than most European kings of her time. A theologian of the time of the Kalmar Union had to accommodate his understanding to the fact that its member states, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Iceland, were all ruled by Queen Margaret I. And Byzantine theologians commonly had to deal with Empresses regnant who were their own superiors, in some respects even in the affairs of the Church. There were times in the Middle Ages, when women were perceived as inferior to men, possibly even in all respects. But there were other times when women were considered to be the superiors of men in at least many respects, such as a native understanding of ethics, morality, and aesthetics. During the time of the Code of Chivalry, women became objects of adoration, and since this spilled into philosophical writings, it may have influence theological writings as well. My guess is that most theologians of the Catholic Church never commented on the issue. And while I would guess that many theologians who did regard women as inferior, there were Cathar theologians who appear to have taught equality.
What were the goals of the educational reform movement?
To understand the aims first we must look back into history. Protestant revolution was not the origin of protestantism.The first protestant church was the apostolic church. (the church depicted in new testament do not pray to "saints" or use statues\images in prayer worship.) Thus it was protestant in essence. Later in 4th century Constantine the then roman emperor gave Christianity a special status in his empire,inorder to consolidate the diminishing power of his goverment because of the fastly increasing christian minority that was spread throughout the Roman empire.Through the edict of milan, thessalonica and council of nicae what they did was not toleration for christianity,but to create a new fake religion in the name of Jesus,in which they integrated the ancient roman idolatry as the practice of intercession to saints.Many christians at that time were against this.Some of them were donatists,early manichaens,paulicians,bogomils,cathars,waldensians,hussites and finally protestants. When Constantine gave chritianity a special status in his empire inorder to conolidate the diminishing power of his government because of the fastly increasing christian minority that was spread throughout the Roman empire., majority in his empire was still pagan and they found it hard to forgo of their old idolatrous practices. So the state changed the names of their old idols to "christian" names and continued to use them in prayer/worship . This came to be known as "intercession/veneration to saints" and is still practiced by catholic and orthodox 'christians'.True christians like donatists(n.africa,s.europe),early manichaens(middle east,,central asia) opposed this practice,but catholics branded them heretics and massacred them.Iconoclastic movement of (7th-8th century) century was against this practice, later protestant revolution (15-16th century) was waged mainly against this practice. Thus when constantine gave christianity special status in his empire,idolatry also entered along with it in the unsuspecting name of "intercession to saints".This soon spread to most of the church,because such was the influence of roman empire at that time.But few like donatists(north african christians) and followers of mani ~ Manichean's (mani was a 2nd century apostle of jesus whose followers spread from persia to balkans in the west and to china in the east,before falling into oblivion probably because of islamic conquest) remained true to the gospel of christ. Later remenants of these christians spread to turkey and balkans where they were called paulicians and bogomils respectively.They were behind the iconoclastic movement of 7-8th century.Both these groups came under heavy persecution from catholics because they dared to expose the truth of christ to them.Finally they were wiped out by catholic crusaders,en route to capture Jerusalem by a secret directive from vatican in 12th century,perhaps the real intention of antichristians(catholics) for taking up crusades was to wipe out true christian like paulcians and bogomils who exposed their idolatry and lies. But almost simultaneously,the spirit of God started 2 new christian movements in heart of catholicism itself~in italy and france . In italy they were called waldensians and in france they were called cathars .Cathars were wiped out in the 12th centutry by catholic crusaders~a mass murder popularly called as cathar/albinesian crusade (catholic church still take great pride in these crusades) .But italian waldensians continued inspite of severe catholic persecution and they remain to this day . By 15th century printing was invented and bible became available to masses . They came to know about truth that catholic church was doing idolatry in the name of god . They revolted and it came to be known as protestant revolution and were led by many great leaders like jan hus,jan zizka,martin luther,ulrich zwigli,john calvin,john knox,john wesley and many others .Today protestants number more than 800 million . In future (after the soon coming WW3) they will unite as single god's church and all people living on earth will be it's members.The 3rd temple will be rebuilt in Jerusalem and it shall be called "the house of prayer for people of all nations" exactly as Jesus predicted nearly 2000 years ago.Animal and other sacrifices will be offered there in the rememberance of the ultimate sacrifice ofJesus Christ on the cross,just as it symbolized the coming sacrifice of christ in the old testament period.This will remain till coming of christ ( rapture) . In rapture believers will be taken and hypocrites left behind to face great tribulation(such as never happened before or never will in the future) which will last for 7 years.The first half of this tribulation will be very prosperous, making people of earth deluded,it will be like a strong "wine' of delusion sent by god to people who rejected him.In the half of this 7 year period antichrist will break his agreement with jews and put up the awful horror in the holy temple.He will require all to have number 666 imprinted on them to buy or sell.Those who get this mark of 666 are damned for eternal hell.So anybody who happens to be in tribulation period,want salvation he/she has to die as martyrs or get the mark of christ(144,000 people). I understand catholics will be angered by this, but their anger is in vain because this is the truth and truth will triumph.Also note that throughout the centuries catholics branded(and still branding) all these groups as dualistic pagans heretics who need to be wiped out from face of earth... such brandings were less effective against prots,inorder to fulfill the prophecy of Jesus-"You are peter(petros-masculine noun in greek, meaning a small stone) and i shall build my church(non feminist protestantism) on this rock(petra-feminine noun in greek, meaning a large mass of rock,not the degrading dead body of peter buried under vatican as catholics claim/believe)and gates of hell(catholicism and oter false religions/ideologies) will not prevail over it". The Roman Catholic Church interprets Jesus here to say, "You are Peter, and upon you, Peter, I will build My church." Peter would be the rock upon which the Church would be built . He would be the "prince of all the apostles and visible head of the whole church." There are several problems with this interpretation. The first is that someone reading Matthew's Gospel in Greek, the original language of the New Testament, would not have immediately concluded that Peter was the rock. In the Gospel of Matthew, when Jesus said to Simon, "You are Peter, and upon this rock I will build My church" (Matthew 16:18), His choice of words was significant. Though Peter's name means rock (petros), Jesus did not say, "You are Peter (Petros), and upon this rock (petros-which accurately means a small unstable stone) I will build my church,instead he said you are peter(petros) and i shall build my church on this petra(meaning bedrock,or a large rock mass). Peter's name, Petros,is masculine in gender and refers to a boulder or a detached stone. Greek literature also uses it of a small stone that might be picked up and thrown. What Jesus said to Peter could be translated, "You are Stone, and upon this bedrock I will build My church." His choice of words would indicate that the rock on which the church would be built was something other than Peter,which can only refer to the revelation given to Peter by the most high God,that is-Jesus is the Christ(messiah), the Son of the living God.
How did protestant reformation affect music and religion?
Christian(protestant) reformation gave a new vibrancy and life to music,art and the true religion of god.Christian reformation brought Europe and world out of dark ages into an era of scientific and cultural development.Christian reformation made people understand the pagan practices of Catholicism and come out of the catholic lies to truth and reality of scriptures that embody the God's church/Christ's church. Protestant revolution was not the origin of protestantism.The first protestant church was the apostolic church. (the church depicted in new testament do not pray to "saints" or use statues\images in prayer worship.) Thus it was protestant in essence. Later in 4th century Constantine the then roman emperor gave Christianity a special status in his empire,inorder to conolidate the diminishing power of his goverment because of the fastly increasing christian minority that was spread throughout the Roman empire.Through the edict of milan, thessalonica and council of nicae what they did was not toleration for christianity,but to create a new fake religion in the name of Jesus,in which they integrated the ancient roman idolatry as the practice of intercession to saints.Many christians at that time were against this.Some of them were donatists,early manichaens,paulicians,bogomils,cathars,waldensians,hussites and finally protestants. When Constantine gave chritianity a special status in his empire inorder to conolidate the diminishing power of his government because of the fastly increasing christian minority that was spread throughout the Roman empire., majority in his empire was still pagan and they found it hard to forgo of their old idolatrous practices. So the state changed the names of their old idols to "christian" names and continued to use them in prayer/worship . This came to be known as "intercession/veneration to saints" and is still practiced by catholic and orthodox 'christians'.True christians like donatists(n.africa,s.europe),early manichaens(middle east,,central asia) opposed this practice,but catholics branded them heretics and massacred them.Iconoclastic movement of (7th-8th century) century was against this practice, later protestant revolution (15-16th century) was waged mainly against this practice. Thus when constantine gave christianity special status in his empire,idolatry also entered along with it in the unsuspecting name of "intercession to saints".This soon spread to most of the church,because such was the influence of roman empire at that time.But few like donatists(north african christians) and followers of mani ~ Manichean's (mani was a 2nd century apostle of jesus whose followers spread from persia to balkans in the west and to china in the east,before falling into oblivion probably because of islamic conquest) remained true to the gospel of christ. Later remenants of these christians spread to turkey and balkans where they were called paulicians and bogomils respectively.They were behind the iconoclastic movement of 7-8th century.Both these groups came under heavy persecution from catholics because they dared to expose the truth of christ to them.Finally they were wiped out by catholic crusaders,en route to capture Jerusalem by a secret directive from vatican in 12th century,perhaps the real intention of antichristians(catholics) for taking up crusades was to wipe out true christian like paulcians and bogomils who exposed their idolatry and lies. But almost simultaneously,the spirit of God started 2 new christian movements in heart of catholicism itself~in italy and france . In italy they were called waldensians and in france they were called cathars .Cathars were wiped out in the 12th centutry by catholic crusaders~a mass murder popularly called as cathar/albinesian crusade (catholic church still take great pride in these crusades) .But italian waldensians continued inspite of severe catholic persecution and they remain to this day . By 15th century printing was invented and bible became available to masses . They came to know about truth that catholic church was doing idolatry in the name of god . They revolted and it came to be known as protestant revolution and were led by many great leaders like jan hus,jan zizka,martin luther,ulrich zwigli,john calvin,john knox,john wesley and many others .Today protestants number more than 800 million . In future (after the soon coming WW3) they will unite as single god's church and all people living on earth will be it's members.The 3rd temple will be rebuilt in jerusalem and it shall be called "the house of prayer for people of all nations" exactly as Jesus predicted nearly 2000 years ago.Animal and other sacrifices will be offered there in the rememberance of the ultimate sacrifice ofJesus Christ on the cross,just as it symbolized the coming sacrifice of christ in the old testament period.This will remain till coming of christ ( rapture) . In rapture believers will be taken and hypocrites left behind to face great tribulation(such as never happened before or never will in the future) which will last for 7 years.The first half of this tribulation will be very prosperous, making people of earth deluded,it will be like a strong "wine' of delusion sent by god to people who rejected him.In the half of this 7 year period antichrist will break his agreement with jews and put up the awful horror inthe holy temple.He will require all to have number 666 imprinted on them to buy or sell.Those who get this mark of 666 are damned for eternal hell.So anybody who happens to be in tribulation period,want salvation he/she has to die as martyrs or get the mark of christ(144,000 people). I understand catholics will be angered by this, but their anger is in vain because this is the truth and truth will triumph.Also note that throughout the centuries catholics branded(and still branding) all these groups as dualistic pagans heretics who need to be wiped out from face of earth... such brandings were less effective against prots,inorder to fulfill the prophecy of Jesus-"You are peter(petros-masculine noun in greek, meaning a small stone) and i shall build my church(non feminist protestantism) on this rock(petra-feminine noun in greek, meaning a large mass of rock,not the degrading dead body of peter buried under vatican as catholics claim/believe)and gates of hell(catholicism and oter false religions/ideologies) will not prevail over it". The Roman Catholic Church interprets Jesus here to say, "You are Peter, and upon you, Peter, I will build My church." Peter would be the rock upon which the Church would be built . He would be the "prince of all the apostles and visible head of the whole church." There are several problems with this interpretation. The first is that someone reading Matthew's Gospel in Greek, the original language of the New Testament, would not have immediately concluded that Peter was the rock. In the Gospel of Matthew, when Jesus said to Simon, "You are Peter, and upon this rock I will build My church" (Matthew 16:18), His choice of words was significant. Though Peter's name means rock (petros), Jesus did not say, "You are Peter (Petros), and upon this rock (petros-which accurately means a small unstable stone) I will build my church,instead he said you are peter(petros) and i shall build my church on this petra(meaning bedrock,or a large rock mass). Peter's name, Petros,is masculine in gender and refers to a boulder or a detached stone. Greek literature also uses it of a small stone that might be picked up and thrown. What Jesus said to Peter could be translated, "You are Stone, and upon this bedrock I will build My church." His choice of words would indicate that the rock on which the church would be built was something other than Peter,which can only refer to the revelation given to Peter by the most high God,that is-Jesus is the Christ(messiah), the Son of the living God.
How did the protestant reformation impact the New World?
In general terms, the European Reformation affected European settlement of the Americas in a positively reinforcing way. Indirectly, unrest and instability within European nations generated additional explorations and then settlement-attempts. Directly, restive or outrightly disillusioned religious groups in European nations sought actively to relocate to New World regions for the sake of opportunities to live and believe as they saw fit.
Did women act in medieval times?
This is rather like asking how women were treated in the history of post Columbian North America. The Middle Ages lasted 1000 years and covered a continent. There was no one way women were treated. But we can make some generalizations. Equality was not a concept that people thought about much in those days. There were groups that had the idea that women were the equals of men, the Cathar movement being notable in this respect, but it was suppressed (for reasons having little to do with how women were treated). But in general, men and women were considered to be different in nearly all ways, including physical strength, intelligence, and rights. Women had rights and abilities, to be sure, but not the equal of men's. Probably the biggest disadvantage that women suffered was that they could not inherit property or titles if they had living brothers, a situation that was nearly universal. In most places, they could own land and titles if it did come to them. This changed with time, but not necessarily for the better. In England, women's property was their own until the 13th century, and after that was their husbands'. There were countries where women were allowed to be the monarchs, and there were other countries where they were not. England and Scotland both allowed ruling queens, and while both came close to crowning women as rulers, it did not happen in either in the Middle Ages. Most of the Spanish kingdoms had ruling queens, as did a number of Slavic countries. Denmark did not legally allow a queen to rule, but that did not stop it from happening, and Queen Margaret I was one of the most successful monarchs in the country's history. The Byzantine Empire had several ruling empresses. France did not allow women to rule the country, but women could own and rule smaller areas, including duchies. The Holy Roman Empire was similar in not allowing women to rule. Women worked at many jobs, including stone mason, carpenter, physician, weaver, troubadour, and just about anything else you can imagine. There were women who fought in battles, and there were women who were knighted. Women worked with their husbands in much of the Middle Ages, and always had to be ready to take over business, whatever that was. Usually it meant plowing the fields, but if the husband was baker, merchant, or architect, there was a strong likelihood that the wife was quite able to take over. In much of the Middle Ages this was assumed, and many guilds made provision for a transfer of business to a woman if the husband died or was incapacitated. In the High Middle Ages, the concept of Chivalry became important. This elevated women to a point of putting them on a pedestal. It was an improvement in some ways, and not in others. Later on in the Middle Ages, the condition of women was degraded. I suspect the reasons for this were very complex. As mentioned above, women were less able to own property. But guilds, for example, stopped allowing women to be members, possibly because they had built trust funds to provide allowances for widows instead of requiring them to work. There are links to related questions below, and most of these have further links to resources.
What was the albigensian crusade?
The Albigensian Crusade was a 13th-century military campaign initiated by the Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in southern France. It resulted in the massacre of thousands of Cathars and the consolidation of Church authority in the region.
What was established during the Albigensian Crusade?
The term "Cathars" derives from the Greek word Katheroi and means "Pure Ones". They were a gnostic Christian sect that arose in the 11th century, an offshoot of a small surviving European gnostic community that emigrated to the Albigensian region in the south of France.The medieval Cathar movement flourished in the 12th century A.D. throughout Europe until its virtual extermination at the hands of the Inquisition in 1245. This was also known as the Albigensian Crusade. There are an ever increasing number of historians and other academics engaged in serious Cathar studies. Interestingly, to date, the deeper they have dug, the more they have vindicated Cathar claims to represent a survival of the Earliest Christian Church. Thank you! Brad Hoffstetter Communications Division Assembly of good Christians http://www.cathar.net May we suggest the following scholarly sources: http://www.wmich.edu/medieval/congress/ http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.html http://www.languedoc-france.info/1212b_moreinfo.htm
What is the name of the Cathar homeworld?
Cathar.
Was Leonardo Da Vinci a cathar?
No
Did the motives for the Crusades change over time?
In answering this question it is important to first define what constitutes a crusade in this discussion. Some historians argue that only crusades to the East (I.E. to Jerusalem etc.) where real crusades. This is called a traditionalist view. However, the view that is now becoming more widely accepted by modern historians is that the crusades include all the organised battles/wars by members of the catholic faith towards a certain group deemned to be enemies/threats to christendom, it must also be sanctioned/launched by the current pope. There must also be some sort of crusader beneifit such as the remission of sins or a plenary indulgence. The latter definition mentioned above means that as well as the crusades to the East, there are also crusades against pagans in the balkans, crusades against the German emperor Frederick II, and the Albigensian crusades in Southern France against the Cathar heretcs. As well as many other small crusades. In the begining of the crusading movement, the crusades were all to the East. The main motives for these crusades was the protection of Christian Holy sites such as the sepulcher. Another important motive was the protection of both christians living in the area and also pilgrims who were increasinly facing attack from Muslim forces. During the course of the crusades, the direction of some crusades changed from the east to areas within Europe. This also caused the motives to change. There were no holy sites to protect, and no pilgrims or christians under immediate threat. Instead these crusades could be described as political crusades. This is particularly true of the crusade against Frederick II. Frederick and the pope of the time fell out for many reasons and the crusade was launched by the pope as a way of dealing with his political problems caused by Frederick in areas such a lombardy. Crusades against the pagans and the cathars in southern France, also so not fit in with the motive that apply to crusading to the east. Instead, this was a way of attacking potential threat to Christianity and/or the popes political power. The Pope that was most willinging to sanction these political crusades was Innocent III who was particularly ruthless.
Who is catharism albigensianism?
The term "Cathars" derives from the Greek word Katheroi and means "Pure Ones". They were a gnostic Christian sect that arose in the 11th century, an offshoot of a small surviving European gnostic community that emigrated to the Albigensian region in the south of France.The medieval Cathar movement flourished in the 12th century A.D. throughout Europe until its virtual extermination at the hands of the Inquisition in 1245. There are an ever increasing number of historians and other academics engaged in serious Cathar studies. Interestingly, to date, the deeper they have dug, the more they have vindicated Cathar claims to represent a survival of the Earliest Christian Church. Thank you! Brad Hoffstetter Communications Division Assembly of good Christians http://www.cathar.net May we suggest the following scholarly sources: http://www.wmich.edu/medieval/congress/ http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.html http://www.languedoc-france.info/1212b_moreinfo.htm
When did catharism start?
The term "Cathars" derives from the Greek word Katheroi and means "Pure Ones". They were a gnostic Christian sect that arose in the 11th century, an offshoot of a small surviving European gnostic community that emigrated to the Albigensian region in the south of France.The medieval Cathar movement flourished in the 12th century A.D. throughout Europe until its virtual extermination at the hands of the Inquisition in 1245. There are an ever increasing number of historians and other academics engaged in serious Cathar studies. Interestingly, to date, the deeper they have dug, the more they have vindicated Cathar claims to represent a survival of the Earliest Christian Church. Thank you! Brad Hoffstetter Communications Division Assembly of good Christians http://www.cathar.net May we suggest the following scholarly sources: http://www.wmich.edu/medieval/congress/ http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.html http://www.languedoc-france.info/1212b_moreinfo.htm
Is the cathar castle haunted?
yes most people say they have seen ghost
What are the main pillars of Cathar belief?
One of the main pillars or Cathar beliefs was that there is 2 Gods or principles, one being good the other evil. Any physical object was seen as tainted by sin, which included the human body.
How is a silver argent connected to the Cathars?
There is no connection. The term "Cathars" derives from the Greek word Katheroi and means "Pure Ones". They were a gnostic Christian sect that arose in the 11th century, an offshoot of a small surviving European gnostic community that emigrated to the Albigensian region in the south of France.The medieval Cathar movement flourished in the 12th century A.D. throughout Europe until its virtual extermination at the hands of the Inquisition in 1245. There are an ever increasing number of historians and other academics engaged in serious Cathar studies. Interestingly, to date, the deeper they have dug, the more they have vindicated Cathar claims to represent a survival of the Earliest Christian Church. Thank you! Brad Hoffstetter Communications Division Assembly of good Christians http://www.cathar.net May we suggest the following scholarly sources: http://www.wmich.edu/medieval/congress/ http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.html http://www.languedoc-france.info/1212b_moreinfo.htm
What connection is there between the Cathars and the Gnostics?
The Cathars were a late Gnostic Christian sect that appears to have begun in Cologne, Germany and then spread into southern France. The earliest known references to Catharism dates from about 1143-44, when the movement was led by the archbishop of Cologne, who was later burnt for refusing to recant.Scholars believe that the Cathar movement arose out of the Bogomil sect in the Balkans. The Bogomil sect, in turn, is believed to have developed, much earlier, out of the Paulicists, with possible direct influences from the Massalanians and perhaps Manichaeanism (both known as Gnostic Christian sects).The Cathar faith spread long after the time when Gnostic Christianity was at its peak, and had developed in some of its beliefs and practices away from early Gnosticism. Just as Manichaeanism had the Elect and Auditors, so Catharism had its Parfait and Believers. They held similar dualistic beliefs and were vegetarians, just as most Gnostic sects were.In the years after Jesus was crucified, many people began to read the scriptures that were spreading across Europe. These people formed many different concepts of Christianity. They called themselves many different names. Cathar, Fraticelli... You can read some about this in: 'Huguenots and Jews of the Languedoc'.The term "Cathars" derives from the Greek word Katheroi and means "Pure Ones". They were a gnostic Christian sect that arose in the 11th century, an offshoot of a small surviving European gnostic community that emigrated to the Albigensian region in the south of France.The medieval Cathar movement flourished in the 12th century A.D. throughout Europe until its virtual extermination at the hands of the Inquisition in 1245.There are an ever increasing number of historians and other academics engaged in serious Cathar studies. Interestingly, to date, the deeper they have dug, the more they have vindicated Cathar claims to represent a survival of the Earliest Christian Church.
What was the other name of the group of believers who rejected the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church and became known as Albigensians?
Cathar
