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Ancient Rome. It declared itself a republic after the citizens overthrew the Etruscan rulers. The republic lasted until shortly after the death of Julius Caesar, when his heir, Augustus Caesar was declared the first emperor and Rome was designated as an empire. In the modern age, republicanism became popular in the 1700s when philosophers and intellectuals began looking back with reverence on the classical age of Rome.

The United States became the first modern republic, shortly followed by France. Both were, however, led by powerful military statesmen (George Washington and Napoleon Bonaparte) whose individual characters helped shape the political direction of both countries. Shortly after the establishment of each republic, both underwent a period of territorial expansion and imperialism. In the US, this led to wars with indiginous groups, as well as wars with Spain, Mexico and Canada, which granted the US huge territorial gains stretching from coast to coast. The war with Canada was intended to create a land link with Alaska, but was not popularly supported, and ended in a stalemate. The French Napoleonic Empire collapsed following the defeat of Napoleon, although the restored French monarchy was soon overthrown again and the republic re-established.

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