Babylon, the capital of the Babylonian Empire was on the Euphrates.
This is almost certainly a distortion or misspelling of the Hispanic name Gonzales.
London is the answer for the question. <($_$)>
"If it has some political structure" I believe that is correct... Im no pro though.
Honshu
Hamburg itself is a hanseatic city. Germany has federal states (almost like in the US) each state has a capital. hamburg however does not as it is the capital itself and has for hundreds of years governed itself.
Babylon
almost all computers
Almost certainly.
The two big rivers, of almost equal importance, are the Tigris and the Euphrates.
Of all the things on which life depends, the thing that almost certainly required for life to exist is water.
Pecknarm
Almost certainly not.
Almost certainly.
Almost certainly.
Almost certainly not.
Nm almost certainly means Newton meter, a measure of torque. Analogous to foot pounds in imperial systems. [Convention is that personal names almost always have an initial capital. Other examples would be Ampere, Angstrom.]
Almost all of them have a capital. Some have two or three.