The two republics that suffered brutal wars after independence are Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, both of which experienced intense conflict during the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s. Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, these regions faced ethnic tensions that escalated into violence, leading to significant loss of life, widespread displacement, and severe humanitarian crises. The wars were marked by ethnic cleansing, particularly against Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims) and Croats, fundamentally reshaping the political landscape of the Balkans.
The Punic Wars were between Rome and Carthage, both republics with no kings.
The ordinary people lived as peasants during the wars of Scottish independence.
The wars of classical Hellenistic Greece were very intimate. They were hand to hand, bloody and brutal. At times, there was interference by the gods.
Rule by the Assyrian Empire and then a series of brutal civil wars.
1857
The Punic Wars were between Rome and Carthage, both republics with no kings.
Spanish American wars of independence happened in 1808.
Lithuanian Wars of Independence happened on 1920-09-01.
Livy : "The War with Hannibal" .
Wars of Scottish Independence
Virginia
I think it was Cornwallis, who later suffered defeat at the hands of the irish, who incidentally did much to wrest independence for the american colonies and later at the alamo and then in the wars against spain, ditto WW1, WWII, Vietnam, Gulf Storms 1 & 2,
The ordinary people lived as peasants during the wars of Scottish independence.
Rule by the Assyrian Empire and then a series of brutal civil wars.
Wars
El Salvador, with the other countries of Central America, declared its independence from Spain on Sept. 15, 1821, and was part of a federation of Central American states until that union dissolved in 1838. For decades after its independence, El Salvador experienced numerous revolutions and wars against other Central American republics. From 1931 to 1979 El Salvador was ruled by a series of military dictatorships.
Many American nations fought wars of independence.