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Although the Library of Congress belongs to the U.S. government, it was first established as a legislative resource by Thomas Jefferson in 1800. Jefferson approved legislation that appropriated $5,000 from the government to purchase an initial 740 books and 3 maps.

Jefferson created the Library of Congress during his Presidency because he believed government was best served by an informed and involved citizenry, and that there was "no subject to which a Member of Congress may not have occasion to refer."

By 1814, the Library of Congress owned 3,000 books (a significant number for that era). Later that year, the British Army invaded Washington and burned the Capitol, including the books purchased during Jefferson's Presidency. In 1815, Thomas Jefferson, then retired, offered to sell his personal collection of 6,487 books to the library for $23,940, an acquisition considered to form the core of the new Library of Congress.

Today, the Library of Congress is housed in the John Adams Building (1938) and the James Madison Memorial Building (1981), and is home to more than 141,847,810 items, including books, manuscripts, maps, and photographs. The library also owns the world's largest collection of legal information.

In addition to functioning as a repository of knowledge, The Library of Congress is also responsible for issuing copyrights, conducting research, and writing legal research reports for Congress.

The 2008 operating budget was $613,496,414, including authority to spend $50,447,565 on new acquisitions.

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