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The influence of philosophers was prodigious, as Jefferson read much philosophy, particularly ethics, and philosophically patterned his life. In antiquity, he borrowed heavily from the writings of the Stoics (Antoninus, Seneca, Panaetius, and Epictetus), the eclecticism of Cicero, the metaphysics of Epicurus, the teachings of Jesus, and even Plato (whom he avowedly execrated) and Aristotle (morality). Coetaneous philosophers include Lord Bolingbroke, Lord Kames, Adam Smith, David Hume, Francis Hutcheson, Francis Bacon, john Locke, Isaac newton (scientific method), Thomas More, Pierre Charon, Dugald Stewart, Conyers Middleton (Biblical criticism), Joseph Priestley (Biblical criticism), Jacques Burlamaqui, Edmund Burke, Destutt de Tracy, Condorcet, Mercier, James Harrington, among others.

For more, see M. Andrew Holowchak, Thomas Jefferson: Uncovering His Unique Philosophy and Vision (Prometheus; forthcoming).

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