I doubt that they invented it, but Japanese kamikaze pilots used the technique in WWII.
Bombing of Cabra happened in 1938.
Kaspiysk bombing happened on 2002-05-09.
The bombing happend in 1963.
Bombing of Wewak happened on 1943-08-21.
Claudy bombing happened on 1972-07-31.
Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing happened on 2001-08-09.
Matza restaurant suicide bombing happened on 2002-03-31.
Dolphinarium discotheque suicide bombing happened on 2001-06-01.
Dizengoff Center suicide bombing happened on 1996-03-04.
Karkur junction suicide bombing happened on 2002-10-21.
Afula Bus suicide bombing happened on 1994-04-06.
Hadera bus station suicide bombing happened on 1994-04-13.
Nahariya train station suicide bombing happened on 2001-09-09.
Karnei Shomron Mall suicide bombing happened on 2002-02-16.
The suicide bombing at Mike's Place in Tel Aviv, Israel occurred on April 30, 2003. The attack was carried out by two Palestinian suicide bombers and resulted in the deaths of three people and injuring over 50 others.
No.
There is no proper term for "suicide bomber" in Arabic. Usually, people just refer to the person as a "suicidal one" - "Entehaari" (أنتحاري) or a "martyr" - Shaahed (شاهد). However, there are many terms for a "suicide bombing", so most Arabs will say something like "the man who committed/took part in a suicide bombing". Such words for a suicide bombing include: 3amaliya tafajiria (عملية تفجيرية) or Bombing Operation, 3amaliya entehaariya (عملية أنتحارية) or Suicide Operation, 3amaliya estashaahediya (عملية استشهادية) or Martyrdom Operation, and 3amaliya 3askariya (عملية عسكرية) or Militant Operation.