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The French first used tear gas (ethyl bromoacetate) in 1914, mostly unsuccessfully, and the Germans likewise used irritants that hedged the prohibition against deadly gases signed in 1899 at The Hague.

But the Germans later used xylyl bromide against the Russians and lethal chlorine gas against British troops. The French also developed phosgene gas, which was responsible for most of the nearly 100,000 gas fatalities of the war.

Sulfur-based "mustard gas" was produced in large quantities using a process developed by two German scientists, Lommel and Steinkopf, and used against the advancing Allies beginning in 1917. Captured gas shells were used in retaliation by the British and Americans in 1917, and it was widely employed by both sides during the last two years of the war.

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