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This comes from the land of the britons ( a tribe present in the country 2000 years ago). The Romans on their invasion called the island 'Britannia' as a result (hence the song - Rule Britannia!) after this tribe. The name Britain became a shortened version of the 'Britannia' name.
The 'great' in Great Britain was added to differentiate between the large island of Britannia and a smaller area in north west France, also occupied by britons. Therefore, this area became 'Lesser' Britannia (not 'Little Britain' - as in the TV show!) and became eventually known by the French as 'Bretagne', or as we in the UK call it today, Brittany.
If I may interject, a number of sources state that Britain or Briton was called Albion before that but was changed after Brutus of Troy invaded and conquered these isles. His comrade Cornieus became king over what is now Cornwall.
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