So merchants could keep track of transactions
Egypt, the Fertile Crescent, China.
Rime
Farming was necessary for the first American civilizations to emerge because it allowed for the development of settled societies. The ability to domesticate plants and animals provided a stable food source that supported larger populations and allowed people to live in permanent settlements. This led to the formation of complex social structures, the development of specialized occupations, and the emergence of cultural advancements.
Mesopotamia, often referred to as the "cradle of civilization," began to emerge around 3500 BCE, with the development of early city-states like Uruk and Eridu. This region, located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, saw significant advancements in agriculture, writing, and governance. The rise of these early societies laid the foundation for future civilizations in the region.
Aristocracy as a social class began to emerge in ancient civilizations, particularly around the 8th century BCE in Greece, where wealthy landowners held power. It also developed in other cultures, such as in ancient Rome and feudal Europe, where noble families gained influence and privileges. Over time, these hereditary elites solidified their status, often through land ownership and political power, forming the basis of aristocratic systems. The concept has evolved, but its roots can be traced back to early societies that valued lineage and wealth.
The first full civilizations in the Middle East, particularly in Mesopotamia, began to emerge around 3500 BCE. This period saw the rise of city-states such as Sumer, which developed advanced agricultural practices, writing systems, and complex societal structures. These early civilizations laid the foundation for subsequent cultures and advancements in the region.
Civilizations have six characterisitics: -advanced cities -specialized workers -complex insitutions -record keeping - writing -advanced technology by the official Oyster;)
5,000 years ago
5,000 years ago
Egypt, the Fertile Crescent, China.
Mesopotamia 4000 to 3500 BC.
5,000 years ago
hadappa sanskriti is one of oldest civilization
Rime
The Sumerians were one of the earliest societies to emerge in the world in Southern Mesopotamia more than five thousand years ago. The Sumerians developed a writing system that influenced the style of scripts.
Hydrology as a formal scientific discipline began to emerge in the 18th century with the work of scientists like Mariotte and Darcy. However, the study of water and its movement can be traced back to ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptians and Mesopotamians, who developed techniques for managing water resources.
1) Taxation, and 2) military service.