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The date of the great schism is conventionally set in 1054, when Pope Leo IX sent envoys to Constantinople to try to settle a dispute with Michael Cærularius, Patriarch of Constantinople. This ended with the envoys presented a bull of excommunication. However, many contemporary chronicles, including Byzantine ones, did not consider the event significant. It seems that later there were mutual excommunications. Friendly relation between east and west continued. The schism was not an event, it was a gradual drifting apart of between two churches which occurred over many centuries and which had started well before 1052 and continued long after that. The Byzantines and the western European were scarcely aware of tis gulf, which was between the hierarchy of the two churches.

The fourth crusade (1204) damaged east-west relation far more than the events on 1054. The crusade was meant to conquer Jerusalem from the Muslims via Egypt, sailing from Venice. It was diverted by the Adriatic Sea by the Venetians Then Alexios IV, the son of the emperor Isaac II, offered to pay the debt to the venetians for building the fleet for the crusaders, pay the crusaders, supply Byzantine troops and the help of Byzantine fleet, and place the Orthodox Church under the authority of the Pope, if the crusader went to Constantinople and depose Alexios III, who had usurped usurper Isaac II.

The crusaders sacked Constantinople for three days. The library was destroyed and churches and monasteries were defiled. The crusaders also established Latin Empire (1204-1261) in Constantinople and around the Sea of Marmara. It was intended to supplant the Byzantine Empire as titular successor to the Roman Empire in the east, with a Western Roman (Catholic) emperor enthroned in place of the Eastern (Orthodox) Roman emperors. Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders, was crowned the first Latin emperor as Baldwin I. Greece and the Greek islands were spit into ten Latin States and a number of Genoese and Venetian possessions. The Byzantines retained a state in western Greece, Greek Despotate of Epirus. They also formed the Empire of Trebizond, in north-western Turkey, Empire of Nicaea in northern Turkey. The Empire of Nicaea reconquered Constantinople and ended the Latin Empire. However, many of the Latin States survived for longer.

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