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His supply lines were too long

The Russians kept retreating

The weather turned dreadful

The Russians also had what they called the "Scorched Ground" policy.. everytime they retreated, they would burn every and anything that was in the campsite they were leaving.

Napoleon found himself with a starving army without suitable garments in the middle of winter with temperatures well below freezing, because of the severity of the Russian winter and their scorched earth policy, which denied all food to the French. They even burnt Moscow, rather than let the French have the food in it. Then, small skirmishes with the army wore it down even further as it struggled to retreat. By the time it crossed out of Russia, the Grand Armee was no longer recognisable.

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