It was necessary because then every convoy could be escorted by destroyers to protect them from German U-boats. The destroyers were armed with sonar and depth charges to find and destroy German Subs.
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The convoy system was developed as a defense against Nazi U-Boat attacks called 'Wolf Packs' .
The convoy system helped avoid U-boat attacks due to its sheer size, and the difficulty that U-boats had when positioning to attack a large number of ships.
cut merchant marine losses greatly
The convoy system ,
The convoy effect is the slow down of traffic due to queuing caused by slow processing having knock on effects slowing the whole system down. The convoy effect term has been resurrected as a modern computing term with traffic being replaced by instructions within a computing environment