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Walls round a city were generally erected as a defense of the citizens against attacks from those on the outside. Formal gates were erected a spart of this to station troops, and in later times, these buildings were used as prisons, etc.

Have a crack at "Fortifications of London" in your favourite on-line search engine, and you'll get good info. In even later times these convenient points were used as tollgates to collect taxes from the travellers.

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