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The earliest written material is carved into stone walls, or in clay tablets. The Egyptians used papyrus as a writing medium, the Chinese used rice paper, and other societies used hides and cloth. Eventually paper and parchment were widely produced, simplifying writing and allowing books to be bound of individual pages. But they were still copied by hand, most famously by the monks of the Dark Ages. The development of movable type (from the ancient printing technique of woodblocks) spurred the growth of printed text, and printing presses of the 15th Century produced many different kinds of publications. Printing books and other publications was done with plate and rotary presses, which were the standard for printing until 1903 and the development of the offset press (using a rubber roller rather than direct contact with the printing plate). Versions of the offset press are still used for books and newspapers today, despite the advent of affordable forms of digital printing.

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