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With the Marian reforms of the army of 107 BC, the Roman army was changed from being a citizen militia whose levy was restricted to propertied peasants to a volunteer army open to everyone. Previously there was a property qualification because soldiers had to pay for their sword or javelin, armour and shield. The reforms provided that the state pay for the military equipment and removed the property qualification so that anyone could join. It also established a career of 16 years (later it was increased to 20 and then 25 years). Soldiers received a grant of either a sizable lump sum of money (numnaria missio) or a plot of land to farm (agraria missio) on discharge. The landless poor flocked to the army because they would get a career, a pay and a pension.

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Q: How had army recruitment changed by the end of the roman republic?
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