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Western nations were able to control parts of China in the 1800s primarily due to military superiority and the imposition of unequal treaties following conflicts like the Opium Wars. These treaties forced China to cede territory, grant extraterritorial rights, and open up ports to foreign trade. Additionally, internal strife, such as the Taiping Rebellion, weakened China's ability to resist foreign intervention. This combination of external pressure and internal instability facilitated Western dominance over various regions of China during that period.
The conflict between Europeans and First Nations people was addressed through various means, including treaties, negotiations, and sometimes warfare. In many cases, treaties were created that aimed to establish land rights and peace, though these were often unequal and not honored by European settlers. Additionally, assimilation policies and the establishment of residential schools were implemented with the intent to integrate Indigenous peoples into European culture, often leading to significant cultural loss and intergenerational trauma. Ultimately, the resolution of these conflicts has been complex and remains a contentious issue today, with ongoing calls for reconciliation and recognition of Indigenous rights.
Patricians, in the early days of the city, had most of the wealth and most of the government positions. The Plebeians were the downtrodden and the working class until they revolted and gained their civil rights. There were other classes of people besides the patricians and plebeians. The class of the person depended a great deal upon the wealth of the person. The more wealth/money a person had, the higher his status. A person's wealth also gave him the option of entering a higher class if he could meat the financial requirements.
u must have lee if u don't ignore lol It will be unequal relationship. One side, you have world's first superpower that stretched from Britain to Mesopotamia and Morocco to Crimea having 1/3 of world's population under control in very cosmopolitan civilization, and other hand you have regional power bounded under leadership of descendants of the Germanic tribes. Frankish empire was literally build just due strong personality of the Charles the Great and could survive, because he ruled unusually long (768-814), which gave it enough time to build strong government and institutions that became a model for following medieval Europe. But Frankish empire had collapsed not long after the Charlemagne's death. The Roman Empire was not revolving around personality of one individual, which is one of the reason for such long, and lasting presence. It was build upon institutions dedicated to the free citizens of Rome. Lacking influential builders prevent the empire collapse after numerous crisis for very long time, until the final decades of its existence. Rome was also multinational, multicultural, and religious diverse society. It flourished various religions, cultures, languages, rites, and customs as long as they obeyed the Roman rule. The Frankish empire was much regressive, where only Catholic Christianity was allowed, where Irish, Arian, Greek, and Slavonic christian rites were suppressed. Culturally, Frankish empire paled behind the cultural, philosophical, and artistic achievement of the Antiquity. It controlled area that was in majority run by Germanic nations that were on very low level of development in comparison with the Byzantine empire and this had a profound effect how the state functioned. Illiteracy was a problem for the state to have a successful bureaucracy, so it forced Charles the Great to fund education at least centered around monastery. Roman Empire did not have such problem, and its bureaucracy was not matched until much later by medieval China. Since Frankish empire was fraction of the Roman, it also had effect on the economical development of the state and the western civilization. Since the core of the state was in present day France, Frankish government turned the once backyard of the Roman Empire into successful medieval state that provided a copy for the rest of Europe. The feudal economy achieved agricultural output that was able to feed population that was twice that of the Roman's Gaul (from 4.5 to 8 mil), but the urban life suffered. The Frankish empire did not have prominent urban centers like was Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Cordoba, or Alexandria, which gave this state more provincial feel and outlook.
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The Treaty of Nanking was signed in 1842 following the First Opium War between China and Britain. This conflict arose primarily due to disputes over trade, particularly the British export of opium to China, which led to widespread addiction and social issues. The treaty marked the beginning of a series of unequal treaties that favored Western powers at the expense of China's sovereignty.
unequal treaties.
unequal treaties.
unequal treaties.
The Treaty of Kanazawa, signed in 1854 between Japan and the United States, shares similarities with the treaties China signed with European powers, such as the Treaty of Nanking in 1842. Both sets of treaties involved unequal agreements that favored foreign powers, granting them trade privileges and extraterritorial rights while undermining the sovereignty of the signatory nations. Additionally, these treaties were often imposed following military conflicts or threats, reflecting the broader dynamics of Western imperialism in Asia during the 19th century.
They divided China into spheres of influence
The treaties that were signed under threat of force are known as unequal treaties. Unequal treaties are also agreements made under pressure.
The so-called unequal treaties were considered unfair to China because they were imposed under duress, primarily following military defeats, and stripped China of sovereignty and territorial integrity. These treaties, such as the Treaty of Nanking in 1842, forced China to cede Hong Kong, open several ports to foreign trade, and grant extraterritorial rights to foreign nationals, undermining Chinese laws and authority. Additionally, they favored Western powers economically and politically, leading to widespread resentment and a sense of humiliation among the Chinese population.