What pope's speech started the crusades?

What was a medieval villein? What describes how the modern era affected cultural exchange? What were the requirements to be a roman citizen? What kinds of problems did medieval African face? What trends developed during the reigns of the Julio-Claudian emperors? What is the origin of familiar? What did Pontius Pilate Record on Christ Cruxifiction? What were the 1600's called? What is the century for 1321? What term refers to the 19 century belief that married women's activities should be limited to housework and the family? Who invented power point presentation? When did the cattle trails begin? What railroad connected the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian mountains? Who are the group that led a revolt against the Romans? What group of people tried to form the Republic of Biafra? How did European rulers centralize power and control the nobility? Did vassal grant land by lord? What did Charlemagne accomplished during his reign? What roman Emperor conquered England? How many battles was George Washington in and how many did he lose?