Who took over mining operations in western gold mining towns after the gold rush?

Where was shoes invented? Which church council initiated the first crusade? What is that person who writes history? Why was Roman helment important to the Romans? Who started humanism? Who were the early 20th century developers of logical symbols and a methods of judging the validity of logical arguments during the 19th and 20th century? How did Mongke Khan unite the Mongols? What were the main things that killed the crusaders? What should be a nickname for Cheyenne? What was the other name for the wandering minstrels of the Middle Ages? Who had more power in the crusades the Christians or Muslims? Which musical interval were people in the middle ages suspicious of? What does pasterization mean? Nicolas Poussin's The of the Sabine Women was an example of what style? What was the largest of the early American civilizations? When was the squat type toilet invented? Which type of writing would most likely require to used of a traditional topic based outline as apposed to a chronological outline? How did Neptune the roman god worship? Why Europeans were eager to join the Crusades? Who were important leaders during the Crusades?