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Continue Learning about History of Western Civilization

When did the first people arrive inthe western hemisphere?

Approximately 15000 years ago


When did 'Left' and 'Right' foot shoes come into existence?

Seperate 'lasts' (a last is a model of the foot used to make a shoe around) for left and right feet were first introduced in 1818 but their use didn't become widespread until the 1850's; most boots worn by soldiers inthe American Civil War were still identical left and right.


What led to the cattle boom inthe west?

The cattle boom in the West during the late 19th century was primarily driven by the increasing demand for beef in the growing urban centers of the eastern United States and the expansion of railroads, which facilitated the transportation of cattle to markets. The availability of vast open ranges allowed for the grazing of large herds, while innovations like barbed wire and cattle drives made ranching more efficient. Additionally, the decline of the buffalo population and the Homestead Act, which encouraged settlement in the West, further contributed to the rise of cattle ranching as a profitable enterprise.


What will happen to a woman if she disguised as a man back in the old days?

Unless she were a member of Royalty and there were (largely symbolic like Betty Grable on a tank in modern times) Battle Queens in those days, any would-be Girl Knight would be in plenty of hot (including hot holy) water! The olower her status insociety the rougher the punitive tract, though chivalry inspired a high respect for ladies who would be usually of the Noble class- fit for Knights, and barons and higher ups to take up as wives, etc. One interesting thing polygamy was rare inthe dark Ages though the moslems espoused it. (Four Queens!) Among the nobillity , LADIES DID TAKE PART in campaigns and affairs of state and there were modified maritla get-up for them, if they were of the nobility to begin with.. Joan Of arc was (Damed) after the battle of Rheims so she couldn"t easily lose her stripes , or rather fleurs de lis, but women doingmen"s jobs was generally a punishable offense and one would assume especially peasants and low-lifers, not doen under penalty. The baroness say, De Bayonne could don armor and ride with the troops, but plain Jane from Green acres fields- forget about it! There is some evidence that unlike cross-dressing-always a taboo, there were Female Spies inthe middle ages some would abuse their protective status, being totally off-base and possibly a capital crime to kill a womanin the field. Oh, (fictional) I am Lady Tatiiana of Moscow- I bear diplomatic papers- any roght swtufdf and a w3ar could break out if a female messenger (called Pages, some may have had armor- and diamond device signifying Female gender- were roughed up by the Male gentry, especially Palace guards and staff. women were at least by Christians treated with high esteem and respect.-but any low life Jane donning the equialnet of levis, no way! the higher ups have more latittude, as in any society- Noblesse Oblige! In Both senses, not merely the Rockefeller-Bilko.


What did Romans want from their conquered people?

Many of Rome's conquest did not come form a grand design of conquest and empire building. They came form being involved in wars and winning them and from wars which were due to them or their allies being attacked. What the Romans wanted was trade. Augustus was very active in promoting trade. He created a framework favourable to it and promoted an increase in agricultural and manufacturing production so that more goods could be traded. The clearest example was Egypt, which became the breadbasket of the empire. Privatization of ownership of land and workshops was promoted to increase production for trade. Canals in disrepair were repaired and new ones were built to increase irrigation and the amount of cultivable land. Taxation was lowered (under the previous regime of the Ptolemies it was too high). Greater monetisation also contributed to an increase in production and trade. The use of coins increased. Augustus created a taxation regime in the empire which was not detrimental to entrepreneurs. The Roman currency also created an empire-wide means of exchange which helped the development of thriving trading networks throughout the empire. Great public works and engineering works were undertaken: roads, bridges, ports, dams, aqueducts, sewers, temples, public buildings, public baths, theatres and amphitheatres, and military fortifications and forts. These facititated communications and trade, inrpoved sanitation inthe town and public health and provided public amenities and entertainment. and the peoples of the conquered areas became more integrated in the economy of the empire and more exposed to Roman civilisation. The road network of the empire totalled 400,000 kilometres (250,000 miles). A survey of Roman bridges found 931 bridges around the area of empire. The number of aqueducts was 864. New ports were built and some of the existing ports were enlarged. The most important commodity was grain which was needed to feed Rome's enormous population. Egypt supplied half of this. Other major producers were Tunisia, Sicily and Sardinia. Rome was also a massive importer of olive oil. An artificial hill (mount Testaccio) was built with discarded amphora shreds, most of which had been used for olive oil. Most of this oil came from Spain. Northwest Africa was also another important exporter. Olive oil was produced all over the Mediterranean. Wine was a major item of trade and was produced around the Mediterranean, Turkey and Syria were important exporters) in Gaul and even in Britain and southern Germany. Besides grain, olive oil and wine, Spain exported gold, silver and other metals, timber and horses. Gaul exported glass, wine and wool. Britannia exported metals, wool and pottery. Turkey and Syria exported timber, wool, and horses. Greece exported manufactures. Egypt exported cotton, linen, papyrus, ivory, gemstones, ebony, ostrich feathers, leopard skins, lions, leopards and elephants. Marble, granite, alabaster and porphyry were also traded for construction. Roman trade also reached Arabia, which exported incense and spices, Persia, which acted as an intermediary for the trade with China and India, China, which exported silk, and India which exported spices, herbs, sesame oil, sugar, limes, peaches, ebony, pearls and wild animals (tigers, rhinos, elephants, and snakes which were used for circus-type animal acts) and Ethiopia, which exported ebony and Ivory.

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When was Amenhotep the forth leader?

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What has the author Samuel Graham McKee written?

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Is tesco inthe secondary sector?

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