black steel
A black, matte surface such as asphalt or dark rock would absorb the most solar radiation as it has a high absorptivity and low reflectivity, meaning it can efficiently convert incoming solar radiation into heat.
A light-colored and smooth material, such as white marble, would absorb the least solar radiation. Light colors reflect more sunlight, while smooth surfaces reduce absorption by minimizing areas for heat to be trapped.
If two surfaces cover the same geographic area, the one with a darker color will absorb more solar radiation than a lighter-colored surface. Dark surfaces, such as asphalt, have a lower albedo, meaning they reflect less sunlight and absorb more heat. In contrast, lighter surfaces, like sand or snow, reflect a significant portion of incoming solar radiation, resulting in lower absorption. Therefore, the color and material properties of the surfaces significantly influence their ability to absorb solar radiation.
If there was more heat to absorb than was already in the material.
There are three primary types of nuclear radiation. Bricks will block both alpha particles and the more deeply penetrating beta particles. To stop gamma radiation, you would need several feet of brick. Lead is considered a better material for blocking high energy gamma rays.
A sandy beach
Humans do not need to expose themselves to solar radiation directly to survive. However, if there were no solar radiation at all, temperatures on Earth would quickly drop below freezing, and plants would not be able to grow. Humans would not live long under such conditions.
Earth's atmosphere does have greenhouse gases. These gases absorb some of the infrared radiation emitted by Earth's surface. If it did not, Earth would grow warmer and warmer as it absorbed more and more solar radiation. Greenhouse gas molecules absorb and emit infrared radiation.
The wavelengths of incoming solar radiation are shorter than the wavelengths of reradiated heat.
They are essentially the same thing. Solar radiation from the sun is made up of two components: (1) direct solar raidation; and (2) diffuse solar radiation. Global radiation refers to the sum of direct and diffuse fractions.
The polar regions will receive less radiation. The amount of solar radiation that impacts a particular area of the Earth is proportional to the cosine of the angle between the normal of the surface area and the incoming "ray" of radiation. So if the axial tilt was 0 then the angle of the solar radiation would be 90 degrees, the cosine of 90 is 0. At 10 degree tilt there will be an increase of ice, snow and glaciation due less solar radiation in summer.
Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and water vapor, which trap more heat in the Earth's atmosphere and lead to an increase in temperature. This increase in temperature would result in more incoming solar radiation being absorbed by the Earth's surface, while also reducing the amount of outgoing longwave radiation escaping into space, ultimately leading to a positive net radiation budget.