WRT metal cranks, there's really no difference in production between a metal crank and a comparable tool.
They can be cast or forged. Some have a hollow core to reduce weight.
carbon fiber ones are trickier. Layers are laid up in molds, incl threaded inserts for pedals. Resin is injected(unless the cloth is pre-preg) then the whole thing is cured in an oven or autoclave.
Cranks, or crank arms
The cran is the part that together with the pedals go round when you pedal. For a 3-piece crank it consists of a right crank arm, left crank arm and the axle that goes between. There are some other bits as well, like bearinc cups ASO, but no point in letting reality get in the way of a good name. There are also ashtabula cranks where crank arms and axle are one solid piece.
Pretty much like a regular bicycle. Difference being that the crank is moved up-and-forward to put it at easy reach, and that the pedals are replaced with something more grip friendly. Sometimes brake levers are also mounted to the handgrips. The gearing ratio is usually adjusted to fit the lesser strength of the arms compared to the legs
A pair of crank arms and pedals were attached directly to the axle of the front wheel. When the rider turned the pedals, the front wheel also turned and made the bike move.
because the muscles in your arms pulling on the handle bars causes an equal and opposite reaction from the bars acting on your arms in a direction toward the bike. this force counteracts some of the upward force from the equal and opposite reaction from the pedals due to you pushing down with your feet. in other words, it allows you to counter some of the force by involving muscle from your arm in the force to hold you down to the bike.You are using the muscles in your arms to pull your weight downwards on the pedals with a greater force than just using your legs alone. You are using your legs and arms in tandem to pedal.
The crankset, or chainset, is the component of a bicycle drivetrain that converts the reciprocating motion of the rider's legs into rotational motion used to drive the chain, which in turn drives the rear wheel. It consists of one or more sprockets, also called chainrings[1][2][3] or chainwheels[3] attached to the cranksor arms[4] to which the pedals attach. It is connected to the rider by the pedals, to the bicycle frame by the bottom bracket, and to the rear sprocket, cassette or freewheel via the chain.
There's not much that can go wrong with a crankarm, and not much that can be repaired either. About the only repairs that are done on crank arms is that damaged pedal threads can be repaired using a technique known as Heli-Coil.
There's no way to tell if this really is a bicycle question or if it is a motorcycle question. Either way, I've never heard about an "inner crankshaft" before. Bicycles have cranks AKA crank arms, two of them makes a crankset. The crank arks turns around a Bottom Bracket. Both of the above are available in a wide price range, say between $30 and $500 for crank arms and $20-200 for bottom brackets.
Real early bicycles didn't have pedals, and you'd have to kick your way forward. No mechanical advantage at all. Slightly later bikes had pedals fixed to the wheel, which offered some sort of mechanical advantage through the circumference of the wheel and the length of the crank arms. Then came the chain driven bikes which are fairly similar to the modern bicycle. However, with the gearing systems available today, bikes have very adjustable mechanical advantages. from far less than the early bikes to considerably more than the early bikes.
Bicycles don't have crankshafts. they have pedals that are attached to crankarms, that are attached to a bottom bracket= the axle that the crank arms rotate around. Bottom brackets can cost just about anything. Low-ends ones on sale for $10, high end ones for $200. The ones I've used have been around $50, and seem to do just fine.
An arms factory is a place where weapons are produced.
By pulling up on the handlebars, you engage more upper body muscles, allowing you to exert greater force on the pedals. This can help you generate more power and increase efficiency while cycling. It also shifts some of the workload from the legs to the upper body, helping to distribute effort more evenly.