The main difference between SM-SH51 and SM-SH56 cleats for cycling shoes is the release mechanism. SM-SH51 cleats have a single release mode, requiring a twist of the foot to disengage from the pedal, while SM-SH56 cleats have a multi-release mode, allowing for disengagement by twisting the foot in multiple directions. This gives riders more flexibility in how they release from the pedal.