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  • A new fuel rod emits almost no radiation at all, as the normal fuels (uranium or MOX - uranium with plutonium) are mostly alpha emitters and the alpha will be absorbed by the metal cladding enclosing the fuel pellets.
  • A spent fuel rod is violently radioactive when removed from the reactor, mostly due to the fuel rod now being loaded with fission products from the burnt fuel. These fission products are mostly very strong beta and gamma emitters. Gamma is especially hard to shield. So the rods are placed in a water filled storage pool for several months to allow decay of fission products until they are "safe" to remove and transport to long term storage or reprocessing (neither of which does the US have).
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