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Radio signals under 30 MHz (give or take) are reflected off the ionosphere back to Earth, whereas radio signals over 30 MHz (give or take) normally go straight through the ionosphere.

The maximum usable frequency (MUF) is the highest frequency reflected by the layers in the ionosphere. This frequency changes from day to night and with the seasons. It is also greatly affected by the 11 year sun spot cycle. Sun spots cause solar wind. This is a major cause for the ionisation of the ionosphere.

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