There is no maximum number- unlike the US President, a British Prime Minister can serve any number of consecutive terms for as long as they enjoy the confidence and support of the electorate and their own Party.
Scotland does not have a Prime Minister, it has a first minister.
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The British Prime Minister who authored "Sybil" is Benjamin Disraeli. He served as Prime Minister twice, first from 1868 and again from 1874 to 1880. "Sybil," published in 1845, explores themes of class and social change in Victorian England, highlighting the divide between the wealthy and the working class. Disraeli's literary work often intertwined with his political career, reflecting his views on society and reform.
Technically, no. The position of prime minister most closely resembles the position of Premier of China, which is the head of government in China. This position is often called the Prime Minister of China by foreign media.
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Yes, these figures are all the most powerful at the national level, with the exception of the French Prime Minister who is often less powerful than the French president. At an international level, the US president is more powerful, as the US has more influence than the United Kingdom or France does individually.
Unforeseen circumstances or events. Harold Macmillan (former British Prime Minister) is often quoted in this context: "Events, dear boy, events".
The prime minister is elected by a majority of the members of parliament. Often this requires the parties to form coalitions if no one party has a majority.
It is often a tautology - a statement which is true bit adds nothing to anyone's knowledge. A recent example is the fatuous remark by the British Prime Minister "Brexit is Brexit".
The French Prime Minister has no defined length for his stay in office. The President is elected for five years and picks the Prime Minister within the parliamentary majority. The Prime Minister has to answer to parliament which can ask for him to be removed. In French politics, it is common for the Prime Minister to protect the popularity of the president by taking responsibility of unpopular policies, and afterwards offer his resignation to the President. (The office of Prime Minister is often compared to that of a lightning rod.) Some Prime ministers stayed very few months in offices, others for many years.
I'd say its the vice-prime minister.** Edit:Canadians don't call it a "vice-prime minister". The Deputy Prime Minister of Canada is a position in the Canadian government.The position, which is not officially mandated by the Constitution of Canada, is actually a relatively weak one in cabinet. When the prime minster is out of the country it is accepted that no major decisions will be made. Without a portfolio or a ministry, the deputy prime minister is far less powerful than individuals such as the finance minister. Because of this the deputy prime minister is often given other cabinet responsibilities.Unlike the Vice-President of the United States, the Deputy Prime Minister does not assume the Prime Minister's office if he dies or resigns. The Governor General assumes the duties until he or she appoints a new Prime Minister in consultation with the Cabinet.Wrong, the Governor-General appoints the Finance Minister to temporarily cease power until a new Prime Minister is elected.
In countries that have both, the President is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government. The prime ministers normally have a more active role in running the country, but the president is still the actual head of the country. Presidents may give the seal of office to a prime minister and a prime minister will often go to see the president when a government collapses.