0
What else can I help you with?
What is the definition intrapartum asphyxia?
intrapartum asphyxia occurs when there has been an inadequate assessment of heart rate monitoring and fetal blood samples.
Reaction of article of the intrapartum in childbirth?
You must have your own reaction.
What is intrapartal?
Intrapartal(intrapartum) means occurring during delivery. It pertains to the period of labor and birth.
How is human papillomavirus transmitted?
skin contact sexual contact french kisses intrapartum transmission
For which medical conditions is ex utero intrapartum treatment used in prenatal surgery?
A congenital defect that blocks a fetal airway such as congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation.
How does ex utero intrapartum treatment work?
A cesarean section procedure leaves the umbilical cord intact so that the placenta continues to sustain the fetus. After the air passage is cleared, the umbilical cord is cut and the newborn can breathe.
Which term means difficult labor or childbirth?
Intrapartum means within labor and childbirth.
What has the author Merna Summers written?
Merna Summers is a Canadian author known for writing novels and short stories. Some of her notable works include "The Magpie Odyssey" and "A Different Mother." She often explores themes of family dynamics, relationships, and self-discovery in her writing.
What are the causes of Sepsis in obstetrics and gynaecology?
The need for a guideline on the management of sepsis in pregnancy was identified by the 2007 Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths. The scope of this guideline covers the recognition and management of serious bacterial illness in the antenatal and intrapartum periods, arising in the genital tract or elsewhere, and its management in secondary care. Sepsis arising due to viral, fungal or other infectious agents is outside the scope of this guideline. Bacterial sepsis following pregnancy in the puerperium is the subject of a separate Green-top Guideline. The population covered by this guideline includes pregnant women suspected of, or diagnosed with, serious bacterial sepsis in primary or secondary healthcare. Sepsis in pregnancy remains an important cause of maternal death in the UK. In 2003-2005 there were 13 direct deaths from genital tract sepsis in pregnancy, five related to pregnancy complications prior to 24 weeks of gestation and eight related to sepsis from 24 weeks of gestation, arising before or during labour. Sadly, substandard care was identified in many of the cases, in particular lack of recognition of the signs of sepsis and a lack of guidelines on the investigation and management of genital tract sepsis. Between 2006 and 2008 sepsis rose to be the leading cause of direct maternal deaths in the UK, with deaths due to group A streptococcal infection (GAS) rising to 13 women. Severe sepsis with acute organ dysfunction has a mortality rate of 20 to 40%, which increases to 60% if septic shock develops.1 Studies in the non-pregnant population have found that the survival rates following sepsis are related to early recognition and initiation of treatment. Sepsis may be defined as infection plus systemic manifestations of infection. Severe sepsis may be defined as sepsis plus sepsis-induced organ dysfunction or tissue hypoperfusion. Septic shock is defined as the persistence of hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid replacement therapy.
Fetal scalp pH testing?
DefinitionFetal scalp pH testing is a vaginal procedure performed when a woman is in active labor to determine if the baby is getting enough oxygen.Alternative NamesFetal scalp blood; Scalp pH testing; Fetal blood testing - scalpHow the test is performedThe procedure typically takes about 5 minutes. The mother lies on her back with her feet in stirrups. If her cervix is dilated at least 3 to 4 centimeters, a plastic cone is placed in the vagina and fit snugly against the scalp of the fetus.The scalp of the fetus is cleansed and pierced, and a small blood sample is taken for examination. The blood is collected in a thin tube. The tube is either sent to the hospital laboratory or analyzed by a machine in the labor and delivery department. In either case, results are available in just a few minutes.If the woman's cervix is not dilated enough, it is impossible to perform this test.How to prepare for the testThe health care provider will explain the procedure and its risks. There isn't always a separate consent form for this procedure because many hospitals consider it part of the general consent form you signed at admission.How the test will feelThe procedure should feel like a long pelvic exam. At this stage of labor, many patients already have had epidural anesthesia and may not feel the pressure of the procedure at all.Why the test is performedUsually this test is performed to obtain information about fetal acid-base balance (blood pH). Sometimes fetal heart monitoringdoesn't provide enough information about the well-being of a baby. In these cases, testing the scalp pH can help the doctor decide whether the fetus is getting enough oxygen during labor. This helps determine whether the baby is healthy enough to continue labor, or if a forceps delivery or cesarean section might be the best route of delivery.Although the test is not uncommon, most deliveries do not involve fetal scalp pH testing.Normal ValuesNormal fetal blood sample results are:Normal pH: 7.25 - 7.35Borderline pH: 7.20 - 7.25What abnormal results meanA fetal scalp blood pH level less than 7.20 is considered abnormal.In general, low pH suggests that the baby does not have enough oxygen, which could mean that the baby is not tolerating labor very well. However, the results of a fetal scalp pH sample need to be interpreted in the context of each individual labor. The provider may feel that the results indicate that the baby needs to be delivered quickly, either by forceps or by cesarean section.Fetal scalp pH testing may need to be repeated a few times during a complicated labor to continue to check on the baby.What the risks areRisks include the following:Continued bleeding from the puncture site (more likely if the fetus has a pH imbalance)InfectionBruising of the baby's scalpSpecial considerationsThis test is not recommended for mothers with infections, such as HIV or hepatitis C.ReferencesGarite TJ. Intrapartum fetal evaluation. In: Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, eds. Obstetrics – Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 5th ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 2007:chap 15.Reviewed ByReview Date: 07/26/2010Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
Fetal Heart Monitoring?
DefinitionFetal heart monitoring lets the health care provider monitor the baby's heartbeat in the uterus, including during labor. The procedure can be done with monitors outside the body (external monitoring) or in the uterus (internal monitoring).Alternative NamesNonstress test; Contraction stress test; Scalp monitoringHow the test is performedEXTERNAL FETAL MONITORINGBy definition, external fetal monitoring is done through the skin and is not meant to be invasive. You will sit with knees and back partially elevated with a cushion under the right hip, which moves your uterus to the left. You can also sit in other comfortable positions, as long as your uterus is shifted to the left or, for brief periods, to the right.Sensitive electrodes (connected to monitors) are placed on your abdomen over conducting jelly. The electrodes can sense the fetal heart rate (FHR) and the presence and duration of uterine contractions. Usually, the results of this test are continuous and are printed out, or they appear on a computer screen. External monitors, however, cannot tell how strong contractions are.This allows your health care provider to check if your baby's pattern is one seen in healthy babies, and how well the baby is tolerating the contractions. The decision to move to internal fetal monitoring is based on the information first obtained by external fetal monitoring.NONSTRESS TESTThe nonstress test is another way of externally monitoring your baby. The nonstress test can be done as early as the 27th week of pregnancy, and it measures the FHR accelerations with normal movement. For this test, you will sit with knees and back partially elevated with a cushion under the right hip, which moves your uterus to the left.The same monitors described above are placed on your abdomen to measure the FHR pattern and whether the uterus is contracting. If there is no fetal heart rate reactivity after 30 - 40 minutes (indicated by a rise in the baby's heart beat above its baseline with fetal movement), you will be given something to drink or a small meal which may stimulate fetal activity. Other interventions that might encourage fetal movement include the use of fetal acoustic stimulation (sending sounds to the fetus) and gently placing your hands on your abdomen and moving the fetus.CONTRACTION STRESS TESTThe contraction stress test is a final method of externally monitoring your baby. This test measures the ability of the placenta to provide enough oxygen to the fetus while under pressure (contractions).For this test, you will sit with knees and back partially elevated with a cushion under the right hip, which moves your uterus to the left. The same monitors described above are placed on your abdomen to measure uterine contractions and FHR. If contractions are not occurring spontaneously, either a medication (called oxytocin) will be given intravenously, or nipple stimulation will be used to induce contractions.If oxytocin is administered, it is called the oxytocin challenge test. Oxytocin is administered through an IV until 3 uterine contractions are observed, lasting 40 - 60 seconds, over a 10-minute period.Another test is called the nipple stimulation contractions stress test. Every effort will be taken to ensure your privacy, but the nurse will be with you through the entire procedure.In this test, you will rub the palm of your hand across one nipple through your garments for 2 - 3 minutes. After a 5-minute rest, the nipple stimulation should continue until 40 minutes have elapsed, or 3 contractions have occurred, lasting more than 40 seconds, within a 10-minute period. If a uterine contraction starts, you should stop the nipple stimulation.INTERNAL FETAL MONITORINGInternal fetal monitoring involves placing a electrode directly on the fetal scalp through the cervix. Your health care provider may use this method of monitoring your baby if external monitoring is not working well, or the information is suspicious.A vaginal examination will be performed, and the electrode will be introduced with its plastic sheath into the vaginal canal. This plastic guide is moved through the cervix and placed on the fetus' scalp, then removed. The electrode's wire is strapped to your thigh, and attached to the monitor.How to prepare for the testYour health care provider will explain the procedure and its risks. You will be asked to wear a hospital gown and sign a consent form prior to the procedure.How the test will feelExternal fetal monitoring:Sitting in place for extended periods of time can become uncomfortable for some women. If this is the case, your health care provider can help reposition you to a more comfortable position.The ultrasound jelly may feel cold.Internal fetal monitoring:Some women report feeling mild discomfort as the electrode is inserted through the cervix.Why the test is performedBoth types of tests are performed to evaluate fetal heart rate and variability between beats, especially in relation to uterine contractions. The tests also indicate the frequency and strength of uterine contractions.This information is invaluable in determining how well your baby is tolerating the birth process, and if there needs to be emergency intervention.Normal ValuesNormal values show a fetal heart rate between 120 and 160 beats per minute and are a sign that the developing baby is not in distress. The heart beat may vary 5 - 25 beats per minute from the baseline (normal) fetal heart rate.A rise above baseline with fetal movement is a reassuring sign.The fetal heart rate may drop slightly during a contraction. This is normal as long as the fetal heart rate recovers quickly once the contraction has stopped.What abnormal results meanFetal heart monitoring tests can detect the following abnormal situations or conditions during pregnancy:Reduced blood flow to the developing baby (cord compression)Block of electrical signals within the heart muscle, causing an altered heart beat (fetal heart block)Incorrect positioning of the baby (fetal malposition)Too little oxygen supply to the developing baby (potential fetal hypoxia)Infection (monitoring cannot diagnose an infection, but can suggest the presence of an infection)Too little oxygen exchange between the uterus and the placenta (uteroplacental insufficiency)Fetal distressAbruptio placentaSevere anemia in the developing babyWhat the risks areExternal fetal monitoring:There are no risks associated with external monitoring. Some people believe the test, however, may lead to early delivery, unnecessary cesarean section, and other more invasive forms of delivery. Talk to your health care provider about the use of external monitoring.Internal fetal monitoring:InfectionFetal scalp bruisingReferencesDruzin ML, Smith JF Jr, Gabbe SG, Reed KL. Antepartum fetal evaluation. In: Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, eds. Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2007:chap 11.Garite TJ. Intrapartum fetal evaluation. In: Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, eds. Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2007:chap 15.Farley D, Dudley DJ. Fetal Assessment During Pregnancy. Pediatric Clinics of North America. June 2009;56(3).
Why do women have to give birth?
Instinctively, to share and spread their genes. Mental/ or emotionally, by humans standards, to raise children and have someone in their image that they have personally nourished. But now and days, children seem to be having children. Humans are complicated things, there is no definitive answer to this question.
