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Dahlias are dicots and part of the angiosperm family. Angiosperms began to appear around 150 million years ago, when selective pressures, including drought, forced plants to take on a number of adaptations in order to survive and reproduce. One such adaptation is the innovation of cloaked seeds-a characteristic of all angiosperms in which the ovules are surrounded by layers of protective tissue. Within each neatly packaged seed is the quick acting, next generation of the plant.

As dahlias are dicots, they bear two leaves from seed. Other characteristics include parts that number in 4's, 5's, and so on, and reticulate venation. Like the sunflowers we dissected in class (sunflowers are also dicots), dahlias have disk flowers and ray flowers, and are thus composite. Within each fertile flower are the male and female reproductive parts, including the stamen (filament and anther), and pistil (stigma, style, ovary and ovules). Pollen grains form in the anther and are carried off by the dahlias various pollinators, including birds and bees. When the right pollen is recognized on the flower's stigma, a germ tube emerges and works its way to the ovary to where the sperm can meet the ovules, ultimately forming seeds and fruit. Unlike gymnosperms, this process occurs very quickly-from hours to a few days, another adaptation (the nourishing of the germ tube) responsive to the unpredictable nature of the environment.

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12y ago

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