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Heterotrophs are organisms that obtain their energy and nutrients by consuming other living or dead organisms, while autotrophs produce their own food through processes like photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Heterotrophs rely on organic compounds for sustenance, whereas autotrophs synthesize organic molecules from inorganic sources. This fundamental difference in their energy acquisition strategies distinguishes the two groups in ecosystems. Additionally, heterotrophs include animals, fungi, and some bacteria, while autotrophs primarily consist of plants, algae, and certain bacteria.

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