Clostridium botulinum is a spore-forming, anaerobic bacterium that produces a potent neurotoxin known as botulinum toxin. This toxin can cause a serious illness called botulism, which can lead to paralysis and respiratory failure if not treated promptly. C. botulinum is commonly found in improperly canned or preserved foods, and its spores can survive in low-oxygen environments. Proper food handling and preservation techniques are crucial to prevent botulism infections.