Because in a conductor charges are free to move and since like charges repel each other they move as far as they can from each other, which is the surface.
No, the charge of a hollow sphere and a solid sphere of the same diameter will be the same as long as they are both made of the same material. In both cases, the charge resides on the outer surface of the sphere due to electrostatic repulsion.
When determining the charge distribution in a system with cylinders, the charge per unit length on the inner surface of the outer cylinder is equal to the negative of the charge per unit length on the outer surface of the inner cylinder.
If the sphere is conducting, all the charge is distributed uniformly on the outer surface of the sphere.
No, a hollow sphere can hold a larger electric charge compared to a solid sphere of the same diameter because the charge resides on the outer surface in both cases. In a hollow sphere, the charge distributes uniformly on the outer surface, allowing it to hold more charge without experiencing as much repulsion between like charges as a solid sphere.
The electric field inside a conductor is zero, and the surface charge resides on the outer surface of the conductor. This means that the electric field at the surface of a conductor is perpendicular to the surface and proportional to the surface charge density.
Any material has electrical charges. A conductor will usually not have more or less charges than a non-conductor. The relevant charges - often electrons - are simply relatively free to move around.
The charge of sodium-22 is +1. Sodium always has a +1 charge due to having one electron in its outer shell.
The charge all resides on the surface of the sphere, whether or not there's anything inside the surface. In principle, there's no limit on the amount of charge that can be jammed onto the sphere. The only limit is a practical one, that is, how much charge you can move and transfer to the sphere before it starts arcing back to the machinery or the support that's holding it.
As of today no, but maybe in the future.
When a charge is placed on a hollow conducting sphere, the net charge distributes itself evenly on the outer surface of the sphere. This is because charges repel each other and seek to reach a state of equilibrium, spreading out as much as possible on the surface of the sphere.
The outer surface of the bone is called the periosteum.
The curved outer surface of a circle is the perimeter.