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The Judicial Branch is considered highly independent, but the degree of independence actually varies with the level of the court.

US Supreme Court justices, the highest federal judges, have a high degree of independence.

US Court of Appeals Circuit Court judges have a fair amount of independence. While they are bound by Supreme Court precedents, they are also required to apply their own critical thinking skills to the cases at bar, because the Circuit Courts are the final appellate destination for 99% of federal cases.

US District Court judges have very little independence. Not only are they bound by US Supreme Court precedents, they are also bound by precedents established by the Circuit in which they reside, by Federal Rules of Procedure, and by applicable laws, policies and guidelines. US District Court decisions are supposed to be applied consistently, so trial court judges are left with little room for interpretation.

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